This Presentation is all about the Parenthetical Citations and the References belongs to Technical Report Writing Subject.

1. CITATIONS AND REFERENCES
 Made By:
 Raj Kumar
 BE-(Electrical Engineering)
 Sukkur IBA Unviersity
 https://web.facebook.com/RajKochitani

2. PARENTHETICAL SOURCE CITATIONS
1.APA Format (Psychological Association
Association)
2.CSE (council of Science Editors)
3.MLA (Modern Language Association)

3. TANDS FOR AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
A STYLE TO AID IN THE FORMATION OF PAPERS
PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE MECHANICS OF WRITING, INCLUDING
ASPECTS OF PUNCTUATION, QUOTATION, AND THE DOCUMENTATION OF
SOURCES
A FORMATE/METHOD OF IDENTIFYING THE SOURCES USED
TO WRITE A PAPER
APA (American Psychological Association
citation)

4. Reference in text (when the text as a whole needs to
be cited)
Last name (year of publication)
Rowling (2005) argues for the development of new curricula.
Reference in text (when only part of the text, such as an
idea or a quote from a specific page, needs to be cited)
Last name (year of publication, page number)
lRowling (2005, p.189)
Parenthetical Citations—One
Author

5. When a work has two authors, always cite both
authors.
Reference in text
Last names of authors separated by “and” (year of publication)
Rowling and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new curricula.
When a work has three or more authors, always cite all the authors the first time
the text is used. Thereafter, use the first author’s last name followed by et al.
Omit year upon third time citing source.
Reference in text
Last names of authors separated with and before final name, (year of publication)
Rowling, Dowling, Benis, George, and Cramer (2005) argue for the development of new
curricula.
Rowling et al. (2005) argue . . .
Rowling et al. argue . . .
 Parenthetical Citations—More than One Author

6. When a work is signed “Anonymous,” cite the word “Anonymous.”
(Anonymous, year)
Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during the summer months
(Anonymous, 2007, pp. 89-96).
Italicize the title of a book or periodical.
(Title of Book, or Title of Periodical, year, page number)
Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (New Yorker,
2007, p. 97).
In most other cases, use double quote marks around the title,
publication year, page number
(“Article title or Chapter title,” year, page number)
Statistics show a higher incidence of criminal activity during summer months (“Study
Results,” 2007, p. 77).
 Parenthetical Citations—Works Without an Author

7. STANDS FOR MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION
A STYLE TO AID IN THE FORMATION OF PAPERS
MLA STYLE IS AN ACCEPTED WAY TO DOCUMENT SOURCE MATERIAL
FOR MANY TYPES OF HUMANITIES DOCUMENTS. IT IS SIMPLER THAN
SOME OTHER STYLE GUIDES, SUCH AS THE APA STYLE AND CSE STYLE
PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR THE MECHANICS OF WRITING, INCLUDING ASPECTS
OF PUNCTUATION, QUOTATION, AND THE DOCUMENTATION OF SOURCES
MLA (Modern Language
Association)

8. INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME AND PAGE NUMBER OF THE
REFERENCE
EXAMPLE:
WORDSWORTH STATED THAT ROMANTIC POETRY WAS MARKED BY A
"SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL FEELINGS" (263).
CITING REFERENCES (TEXT) IN MLA

9. AUTHOR’S LAST NAME COMES BEFORE THE GIVEN NAME OR INITIAL TO
FACILITATE ALPHABETIZING
USE THE NAME EXACTLY AS IT APPEARS ON THE TITLE PAGE OF THE
SOURCE’S NAME.
IF THE BOOK IS THE WORK OF AN AGENCY INSTEAD OF AN INDIVIDUAL,
THE NAME OF THE AGENCY TAKES
THE PLACE OF THE AUTHOR’S NAME.
THE TITLE AND THE SUBTITLE OF THE BOOK ARE UNDERLINED.
CITATION FOR Single Author

10. FOR MLA:
INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME AND PAGE NUMBER OF THE
REFERENCE
FOR APA:
INCLUDES THE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME, THE DATE OF PUBLICATION, AND
THE PAGE NUMBER OF THE REFERENCE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APA AND MLA (IN TEXT)

11. “
”
FOR (QUOTATION)
• IN MLA:SHORT QUOTATIONS, FEWER THAN 4 COMPLETE LINES, ARE
IN THE TEXT ENCLOSED BY QUOTATION MARKS.
• LONGER QUOTES ARE DOUBLE INDENTED, SINGLE SPACED, AND ONLY
USE QUOTATION MARKS USED BY THE AUTHOR
• IN APA:Short quotations, fewer than 40 words, are in the
text enclosed by quotation marks.
• Long quotations of 40 or more words are displayed in a
double-spaced block of typewritten lines with no
quotation marks.
• It is indented five spaces from the left margin.