Pinus radiata D. Don

RADIATA PINE
Bc. Radim Lainka
TFA
Forest dendrology, genetics and tree breeding SS 2015

COMMON NAMES
Radiata Pine
Monterey Pine
Pin insigne
Pin géant
Pino insigne
Pinheiro insigne
Pino de Monterey
insignis pine
pino quebradizo Fig. 1 Guadalupe Island pines
(LITTLE, ELBERT L. Jr.. 1980. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.,
ÚRADNÍČEK, BROUMOVSKÝ and UNČOVSKÝ,1990. Lesní hospodářství v tropech a subtropech-Vybrané dřeviny, MZLU
http://www.arkive.org/guadalupe-island-pine/pinus-radiata/image-G59615.html)
(http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183372)

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
Kingdom Plantae – plantes, Planta, Vegetal, plants
Subkingdom Viridiplantae
Infrakingdom Streptophyta – land plants
Superdivision Embryophyta
Division Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes
Subdivision Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames
Class Pinopsida – conifers
Subclass Pinidae
Order Pinales – pines
Family Pinaceae – pines
Genus Pinus L. – pine
Species Pinus radiata D. Don –> var. radiata/var. pinata
Retrieved [March, 5, 2016], from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database (http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?
search_topic=TSN&search_value=183372) The Gymnosperm database (http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_radiata.php)

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
H. 15-30 (64) m,
DBH 30-90 (280) cm
contorted to straight, crown broadly conic
twigs - sometimes glaucous, aging gray, rough, slender, red-brown,
buds - resinous, ovoid to ovoid-cylindric, red-brown, ca. 1.5 cm
needles - 2 (var. binata) or 3 (type variety) per fascicle, spreading-
ascending, persisting 3-4 years, (8)9-15(20) cm × 1.3-1.8(2) mm,
straight, slightly twisted, deep yellow-green
(LITTLE, ELBERT L. Jr.. 1980. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
KRAL, R. 1993. Pinus. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
M.P. Frankis e-mail 1999.03.05, pers. obs.)

Fig. 2 Guadalupe Island pine trunk
Fig. 3 Guadalupe Island pine bark
ko
(http://www.arkive.org/guadalupe-island-pine/pinus-radiata/image-G61056.html)

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Pollen cones: ellipsoid-cylindric, 10-15 mm, orange-
brown
Seed cones: maturing in February, 2 years after
pollination, persistent 6-20(40) years, often
serotinous, numerous, solitary to whorled, 7-15 cm,
yellow-brown, lustrous, scales rigid, stalks to 1 cm
Seeds: body ca. 6 mm, dark brown, wing 20-30 mm,
compressed-ellipsoid
M.P. Frankis e-mail 1999.03.05, pers. obs.)

Fig. 4 Close-up of Guadalupe Island pine needles
Fig. 5 Immature cone of Guadalupe Island pine

Fig. 6 Guadalupe Island pine cones
Fig. 7 Male Guadalupe Island pine flowers Microsporangiate
Strobili with bloom period
(http://www.arkive.org/guadalupe-island-pine/pinus-radiata/image-G59622.html) 
(http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/pinecones.htm)
Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data
contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California
Herbaria. [web application]. 2016. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database
[a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/ (Accessed: Mar 05, 2016).

ORIGIN AND
DISTRIBUTION
Naturally - three localities in a fog belt on the coast of central
California (at 30-400 m elevation; San Mateo and Santa Cruz
counties, Monterey County, and in San Luis Obispo County)
var. binata - Islas Guadalupe and Cedros, off the west coast of Baja
California Norte, Mexico (at 600-1200 m elevation)
Timber tree in vast areas of New Zealand (the most common tree),
Australia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, SW Europe, Kenya, Ghana,
Nigeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa
and Madagascar.
(ROGERS, D. L., 2002. In situ genetic conservation of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don): Informations and recommendations.
Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Davis, C. A..
LITTLE, ELBERT L. Jr.. 1980. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Richardson, D.M. (ed.). 1998. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42408/0)

Fig. 8a/b Natural distribution of the type variety of
Pinus radiata
GRIFFIN, J.R. and W.B. CRITCHFIELD. 1972. The distribution of forest trees in California. Berkeley: U.S.D.A. Forest Service.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/pinus/radiata.jpg) LEDIG, F.T., J.J. VARGAS HERNÁNDEZ, & K.H. JOHNSES. 1998. The Conservation of Forest Genetic
Resources - Case Histories from Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Journal of Forestry, 96(1): 32-41. 
(http://www.fwpa.com.au/images/processing/PNC135-0809_Native_radiata_germplasm_conservation_Research_Report_0.pdf)
Fig. 8b Adapted from LEDIG et al. (1998)
Fig. 8a Adapted from GRIFFIN, J.R. and W.B. CRITCHFIELD ( 1972)
Pinus radiata var. radiata
Pinus radiata var. binata

Fig. 9 Actual Distribution of Radiata pine in California
(Caflora)
Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and
conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and
individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. [web application].
2016. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database
[a non-profit organization]. Available: http://www.calflora.org/ (Accessed: Mar
05, 2016).

Fig. 10 Point map of Radiata pine – world scale
(http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?map=Pinus+radiata)

ASSOCIATED ORGANISMS
beneficials (not specific):
butterflies
Pine White Nephasia menapia
pests (not specific):
leafhoppers
Glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis
Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of
California Herbaria. [web application]. 2016. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available:https://www.calflora.org/entry/plantchar.html?crn=6523

ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS AND ECOLOGY
Tab. 1 Characteristics of five native radiata pine populations
Population
Latitude
(°N)
Altitude
(m)
Raiffall
aprox.
(mm)
Area (ha) Soil
Año Nuevo 37 10-30 800 450 Fine loams, depth
variable
Monterey 36.5 10-40 400 3800 Very varied fertility
and base status
Cambria 35.5 10-00 500 900
Sandy loam,
localised poor
drainage
Guadalupe
Island
29 400-1200 300? 220 trees Rocky loam
Cedros
Island
28 380-640 200? 150 Skeletal
(ELRIDGE, K.G. 1978. Refreshing the genetic resources of radiata pine plantations. CSIRO Division of Forest Research, Genetics Section Report No. 7, 119 pp. BURDON,
R.D. 2001. Pinus Radiata. In: Ecosystems of the World: Tree Crop Ecosystems. F.T. LAST (Editor), pp. 99-161. Elsevier.CSIRO, Canberra.)

Its cones are serotinous - closed until opened by the heat of
a forest fire (surface fire); the abundant seeds - discharged
to regenerate the burned forest. E.g. seedlings densities 1
year after fire - 100.000 up to 650.000/ha.
cold hardiness limit between -12.1°C and -6.7°C
principal host for the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium
littorum
senescence - tree diameter reaches 100 cm
BANNISTER, P. and G. NEUNER. 2001. Frost resistance and the distribution of conifers. P.3-22 in F.J. BIGRAS and S.J. COLOMBO (eds.), Conifer cold hardiness. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
HAWKSWORTH, F.G. and D. WIENS. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. Agriculture Handbook 709. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Available at World
Wide Web: http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/ah_709/index.html, accessed 15th October 2015. .
WHITE et al., 1999. A nucleus breeding plan for radiata pine in Australia. Silvae Genetica 48: 122-133.)
ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS AND ECOLOGY

CULTIVATION
natural stands - don´t appear to be single-aged!
breeding by seeds and cuttings (up to 15 years old specimen), 1 kg contains approximately 20 - 38.000
seeds
germination rate: 50 - 70%
germinate 20 days after sowing
seed storage: several years
seedlings: 4 - 8 - 12 (24) months old are planted
matrix: 1.5 x 1.5 - 3 x 3 m Mycorrhizae are necessary for seedling growth!
annual increment: 12 - 30 m³/ha, 2.5 m in height - S.W. England
rotation period: 20 - 50 years
(WHITE et al., 1999. A nucleus breeding plan for radiata pine in Australia. Silvae Genetica 48: 122-133., Brink, M., 2008. Pinus radiata D.Don.
[Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa /
Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed 19 October 2015.,
ÚRADNÍČEK, BROUMOVSKÝ and UNČOVSKÝ,1990. Lesní hospodářství v tropech a subtropech-Vybrané dřeviny, MZLU )

PEST AND DISEASES
Dothistroma needle blight (Mycosphaerella pini)
pitch canker –> the fungus Fusarium circinatum
Armillaria root rot
In South Africa the pine emperor moth (Imbrasia
cytherea)
and the pine whoolly aphid (Pineus pini)
PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.(http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?en=1&p=Pinus+radiata+D.Don)

GENETIC RESOURCES
AND BREEDING
Chromosome number: 2n = 24
Abundant genetic variation –> highly successful breeding programmes.
Provenance testing and breeding –> South Africa and other major
producing countries
Early breeding –> growth rate, tree form and disease resistance, now –>
wood properties
Molecular biology –> genetic transformation of embryogenic tissue –
biolistic and Agrobacterium-mediated systems, and stable transformed
plants regeneration
PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?en=1&p=Pinus+radiata+D.Don

Fig. 11 Diversity in cone size among the five native
populations of Monterey pine (AXELROD, 1980)
Each cone represents the
average size for that
population. Key: 1 Cedros
Island; 2 Guadalupe Island;
3 Monterey; 4 Año Nuevo; 5
Cambria
ROGERS, D. L. 2002.. In situ genetic conservation of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don):
Information and recommendations. Report No. 26. University of California Division of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis CA USA.
ISBN 0-9725195-0-5. Available on the World Wide Web: <http://ucanr.edu/repository/
fileaccess.cfm?article=54987&p=DMIDEA&CFID=135918909&CFTOKEN=28218669>

Fig. 12 Summary of phenotypic characteristics of native
populations of Monterey pine in field trials in New
Zealand (BURDON 1992)
Symbols: + denotes superiority; – denotes
inferiority; 0 denotes average; • denotes no
data were located.
†Key: a denotes a large body of solid
experimental evidence (many sites); b
denotes good experimental evidence but
from limited number of sites/pot trials; c
denotes slender evidence; and two letters
denote intermediate weights of evidence.
ROGERS, D. L. 2002.. In situ genetic conservation of Monterey pine (Pinus
radiata D. Don): Information and recommendations. Report No. 26. University
of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources
Conservation Program, Davis CA USA. ISBN 0-9725195-0-5. Available on the
World Wide Web: <http://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?
article=54987&p=DMIDEA&CFID=135918909&CFTOKEN=28218669>

Fig. 13 Allozyme diversity for the native populations of
Monterey pine from three studies
Key: number of trees sampled per population (N),
mean number of allele per locus (A), percent
polymorphic† loci (P), and expected heterozygosity
(He).
†With the exception of data from Plessas and
Strauss, the criterion of polymorphism is 99%,
meaning a locus must have a second allele with at
least a frequency of 1% for that locus to be
considered polymorphic. For the Plessas and
Strauss data, the criterion is 95%, thus these data
are an underestimate relative to the other data in
the table.
ROGERS, D. L. 2002.. In situ genetic conservation of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don):
Information and recommendations. Report No. 26. University of California Division of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Davis CA USA.
ISBN 0-9725195-0-5. Available on the World Wide Web: <http://ucanr.edu/repository/
fileaccess.cfm?article=54987&p=DMIDEA&CFID=135918909&CFTOKEN=28218669>

Fig. 14 Guadalupe Island pine seedlings in plantation

Fig. 15 Guadalupe Island pine plantation

MAIN USES
medium hard wood and solid, less durable
sapwood: soft, creamy white, in case of young specimen holds 80
- 85% of volume
heartwood: pinkish brown, medium durable
wood density: (330–)380–610 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content
Construction wood, furniture, packing cases, poles, posts,
shuttering, particle board boxes/crates, plywood, veneers, paper
and fuelwood
Brink, M., 2008. Pinus radiata D.Don. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Brink, M. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources
végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed 19 October 2015.
ÚRADNÍČEK, BROUMOVSKÝ and UNČOVSKÝ,1990. Lesní hospodářství v tropech a subtropech-Vybrané dřeviny, MZLU
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/softwoods/radiata-pine/)

Fig. 16 Guadalupe pine wood
(http://www.prota4u.org/plantphotos/Pinus%20radiata%208.jpg)

Fig. 17 Guadalupe pine wood (sanded)
Fig. 18 Guadalupe pine wood (sealed)
(http://www.wood-database.com/wp-content/uploads/radiata-pine.jpg
)
(http://www.wood-database.com/wp-content/uploads/radiata-pine-sealed.jpg)

MAIN USES
flooring, interior trim, toys, turnery, matches, railway
sleepers, hardboard and wood-wool
oleoresin - distilled to obtain turpentine and rosin
turpentine - pine oil, terpene resins, flavours and
fragrance
rosin - paper, inks, emulsifiers, synthetic resins, soap
and glue
(https://books.google.cz/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&pg=PA445&lpg=PA445&dq=pinus+radiata,+subtropics&source=bl&ots=NPiikTfgUE&sig=lk-MFOXAq-
VOWdm3oNWq3fndtEc&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCWoVChMIp-63-erOyAIVhcByCh0DKw77#v=onepage&q=pinus%20radiata%2C%20subtropics&f=false)

RELATED SPECIES
all the species from genus Pinus (114), almost all are
indigenous in the northern hemisphere

OTHER COMMENTS
Use of radiata pine:
in windbreaks and as a shelter tree;
widely spaced trees with pasture beneath or as belts with pasture between
them;
in woodlots, including stock havens
soil conservation
ornamental tree
may become invasive
(http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3274e/i3274e11.pdf
https://books.google.cz/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&pg=PA445&lpg=PA445&dq=pinus+radiata,+subtropics&source=bl&ots=NPiikTfgUE&sig=lk-
MFOXAq-VOWdm3oNWq3fndtEc&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCWoVChMIp-63-erOyAIVhcByCh0DKw77#v=onepage&q=pinus%20radiata
%2C%20subtropics&f=false)

RESEARCH ARTICLES
Genome-wide gene expression dynamics of the fungal pathogen Dothistroma septosporum
throughout its infection cycle of the gymnosperm host Pinus radiata (http://
onlinelibrary.wiley.com.infozdroje.czu.cz/doi/10.1111/mpp.12273/full)
Effects of stand density and seedlot on three wood properties of young radiata pine grown at a
dry-land site in New Zealand (http://nzjforestryscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/
s40490-015-0035-x)
Quantification of realised genetic gain in radiata pine and its incorporation into growth and yield
modelling systems (http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/
cjfr-2015-0191#.VttCTGDhCUn)
Metabolites and hormones are involved in the intraspecific variability of drought hardening in
radiata pine (http://www.sciencedirect.com.infozdroje.czu.cz/science/article/pii/
S0176161715002138)
Pattern of genotype by environment interaction for radiata pine in southern Australia (http://
link.springer.com.infozdroje.czu.cz/article/10.1007/s13595-014-0437-6/fulltext.html)

Pattern of genotype by environment interaction for
radiata pine in southern Australia (IVKOVÍC et al.,
2014) – Introduction
Current radiata pine breeding and deployment in
Australia is based largely on the plantation inventory
zones rather than on biological patterns of genotype
by environment interaction (G×E), and consequently
cannot deliver optimal genetic gains across the whole
plantation estate.
This study examined patterns of G×E to facilitate
deployment of genetic stock to particular
environments.

2014) – Methods
20 genetically well-connected trials across southern
Australia –> estimates of genetic correlations between
performances at different trial sites.
Extended factor analyses (XFA) –> to estimate G×E
variance and produce a matrix of site-site genetic
correlations.
The patterns among these correlations – examined by
heat map and hierarchical clustering.

2014) – Results
The XFA captured a large proportion of both additive
and non-additive G×E.
Significant G×E for diameter growth – expected
between Tasmania and Mainland, and within
Tasmania itself.
The study also confirmed presence of G×E between
Murray Valley region in New South Wales and the rest
of southern Australia.

2014) – Conclusion
1. Based on previous studies and this study, significant G×E for diameter growth can be expected
between Tasmanian and Mainland sites, and within Tasmania itself.
2. There were indications that the sites in Murray Valley region in NSW and Otway region in
Victoria may exhibit G×E interaction with other regions; however, this is based only on
individual trials.
3. Heritability increased significantly for within-region selection and regionalisation seems to be
justified.
4. The G×E interaction at transcontinental scale can be correlated to the climate variables,
primarily to rainfall and temperature. However, the drivers may also be related to smaller
scale environmental variation (i.e. soil and terrain variation).
5. The results presented here can be used as evidence in favour of reconsidering the current
breeding and deployment zones. However, further work, using other pairs of genetically
connected trials, will give more robust results on which to base G×E regionalisation.

Metabolites and hormones are involved in the
intraspecific variability of drought hardening in radiata
pine (DIEGO et al., 2015) – Introduction
Studies of metabolic and physiological bases of plant tolerance and
hardening against drought –> essential to improve genetic breeding
programs
Preliminary results: short drought period (4 weeks) –> different
osmotic response in each breed
Acclimation in P. radiata – conditioned by the genotype + regulated
by changes in physiological process and phytohormone concentration
Hardening – one of the most useful process for increasing plant
drought tolerance and improve plantation success

pine (DIEGO et al., 2015) – Plant material
O1—P. radiata var. radiata × P. radiata var binata (Amberley, New Zealand)
O2—P. radiata var. radiata (Basque coastline, Spain)
O3—P. radiata var. radiata (Billapoola, Australia)
O4—P. radiata var. radiata × Pinus attenuate (Amberley, New Zealand) –
tolerance marker
O5—P. radiata var. radiata × P. radiata var. cedrosensis (Amberley, New
Zealand)
O6—P. radiata var. radiata (Kaingaroa, New Zealand)

pine (DIEGO et al., 2015) – Methods
Growth conditions – cold stratification, placing them
into a cold chamber at 4◦C in dark for 3 weeks
–> seeds were placed in sterilized water for 2 days –
same conditions to induce germination
–> seeds were sown in pots of 17 cm Ø filled with
peat:perlite (7:3, v/v). Plants – greenhouse under
controlled conditions (T = 23 ± 1◦C and RH = 70 ±
5%) for two years

pine (DIEGO et al., 2015) – Methods
Experimental design
Biometric, growth and water balance parameters
Water potential
Metabolite quantification – Free amino acids and polyamines and
Hormone quantification
Statistical analysis – data compared by the parametric tests (2 and 3 way
univariate analysis of variance-ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test – open
source R software 2.15.1. Normality – Shapiro’s test. No parametric data
– Kruskal Wallis’ test

Metabolites and hormones are involved in the interspecific
variability of drought hardening in radiata pine (DIEGO et
al., 2015) – Results: Biometric and physiological parameters
Different absolute growth – O1 and O5 the greatest
total aerial height
O1 – the largest collar diameter
O5 – the highest values of relative height growth
ratio(RdGR)
Water balance – no difference

interspecific variability of drought hardening in radiata
pine (DIEGO et al., 2015) – Results: Metabolite content
Similar profile in plant hormones –> between breeds as
hardening response, with significant increases in ABA, IAA,
ZR, SA and JA and decreases in Z.
Exceptions:
O2 treated plants –> no change in their ABA and ZR content
compared to controls
and O1 and O6 –> no significant differences in ZR and SA
content, respectively.

Pinus radiata D. Don

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