This document provides an overview of a Business English course for Strategic Human Resource Management. It includes an outline of topics that will be covered, such as tenses, modal auxiliaries, conditional sentences, and relative pronouns. A refresher course is also outlined that will review grammar structures like the present, past, and future tenses. The document defines what business English is and why it is important to study. It aims to help students improve their reading, writing, speaking and vocabulary skills for use in business contexts.

1. BUSINESS ENGLISH
FOR STRATEGIC
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
PROFESSOR MARJANA EL MAKHZANI
S1 - FALL 2023

2. Student Presentation
 What is your name and age?
 Why did you choose to study Strategic Human
Resource Management?
 What do you think your level in English is:
Beginner/Intermediate/Advanced?
 What is something interesting about yourself / Fun
fact about yourself?
 What do you expect to learn from this course?

3. Source: X (Twitter)

4. WHAT IS BUSINESS ENGLISH ?

5. Definition of Business English
 It is a specialized part of English that targets the
language that is most commonly used in the world of
business.
 It differs from General English in that it is
specifically targeting corporate language rather
than everyday, conversational English.

6. Why study Business English?
 The aims of Business English are:
 to learn the language and concepts of business found in
books, journals, newspapers and magazines, and on
websites;
 to build vocabulary through reading, listening and
speaking;
 to develop reading skills and give practice in the
comprehension of business and economic texts;
 to improve speaking skills, confidence and fluency, and to
provide you with opportunities to express business
concepts, while synthesizing, summarizing, analyzing,
criticizing and discussing ideas;
 to develop writing skills.

7. REFRESHER COURSE

8. Refresher Course Outline
I. Tenses
II. Modal auxiliaries/modals
III. Conditional sentences: if-clauses type 0, I,
II, III
IV. Relative pronouns
V. Quantifiers

9. 1 . P R E S E N T S I M P L E
2 . P R E S E N T C O N T I N U O U S / P R O G R E S S I V E
3 . P R E S E N T P E R F E C T
4 . P R E S E N T P E R F E C T P R O G R E S S I V E
5 . P A S T S I M P L E
6 . P A S T C O N T I N U O U S / P R O G R E S S I V E
7 . P A S T P E R F E C T
8 . P A S T P E R F E C T P R O G R E S S I V E
9 . G O I N G T O - F U T U R E
1 0 . W I L L - F U T U R E
1 1 . F U T U R E P E R F E C T
1 2 . F U T U R E P R O G R E S S I V E
1 3 . F U T U R E P E R F E C T P R O G R E S S I V E
1 4 . C O N D I T I O N A L S I M P L E
1 5 . C O N D I T I O N A L P E R F E C T
1 6 . C O N D I T I O N A L P R O G R E S S I V E
1 7 . C O N D I T I O N A L P E R F E C T P R O G R E S S I V E
I. TENSES

10. 1. Present Simple
1. Use of the Simple Present
1.1. repeated actions
My friend often draws nice posters.
1.2. things in general
The sun rises in the east.
1.3. fixed arrangements, scheduled events
The plane flies to London every Monday.
1.4. sequence of actions in the present
First I get up, then I have breakfast.
1.5. instructions
Open your books at page 34.
2. Signal words
• every day
• often
• always
• sometimes
• never
3. Form
infinitive (3rd person singular he, she, it: infinitive + -s)
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Present
4.2. Negative sentences in the Simple Present
You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the
auxiliary do for negations and the infinitive of the verb.
4.3. Questions in the Simple Present
You need the auxiliary do/does and the infinitive of the
verb.

11. 2. Present Continuous/Progressive
1. Use of the Present Progressive
1.1. actions happening at the moment of speaking
Peter is reading a book now.
1.2. fixed plans in the near future
We are going to Basel on Saturday.
1.3. temporary actions
I am working in Rome this month.
1.4. actions happening around the moment of
speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams.
1.5. trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen
to music.
1.6. repeated actions which are irritating to the
speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew is always coming late.
2. Signal words
 now
 at the moment
 Look!
 Listen!
3. Form
to be (am, are, is) + Infinitiv + -ing
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive
4.2. Negative sentences in the Present Progressive
4.3. Questions in the Present Progressive

12. 3. Present Perfect
1. Use of the Present Perfect
1.1. result of actions in the past is important in the present– It is
not important when the actions happened.
I have cleaned my room.
1.2. recently completed actions
He has just played handball.
1.3. states beginning in the past and still continuing
We have lived in Canada since 1986.
1.4. together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently.
2. Signal words
 just
 yet
 never
 already
 ever
 so far
 up to now
 recently
 Since
 for
3. Form
have/has+ past participle *
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect – regular verbs
4.2. Affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect – irregular verbs
4.3. Negative sentences in the Present Perfect – regular verbs
4.4. Negative sentences in the Present Perfect – irregularverbs
* past participle:
regular verbs
→ infinitive + -ed
irregular verbs → no
rule

13. 4. Present Perfect Progressive
1. Use of the Present Perfect Progressive
1.1. actions beginning in the past and still
continuing (focus is on the action) –
mostly with since (point of time) or for
(period of time)
I have been waiting for you for three hours. (It
was too long.)
1.2. recently completed actions (focus is
on the action)
She has been watching too many videos. (It
took too much time.)
2. Signal words
 all day
 the whole day
 since
 for
 Questions with how long
3. Form
have/has + been + infinitive + -ing
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect
Progressive
4.2. Negative sentences in the Present Perfect
Progressive
4.3. Questions in the Present Perfect Progressive

14. 5. Past Simple
1. Use of the Simple Past
1.1. actions finished in the past
I visited Berlin last week.
1.2. series of completed actions in the past
First I got up, then I had breakfast.
1.3. together with the Past Progressive/Continuous
The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in
progress in the past.
They were playing cards, when the telephone rang.
1st action → Past Progressive → were playing
2nd action → Simple Past → rang
2. Signal words
 yesterday
 last week
 a month ago
 in 2010
3. Form
regular verbs → infinitive + ed
irregular verbs → no rule
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Past – regular
verbs
4.2. Affirmative sentences in the Simple Past – irregular
verbs
4.3. Negative sentences in the Simple Past
Do not negate a main verb in English. Always use the
auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) and the infinitive of the verb
for negations.
There is no difference between regular and irregular verbs
in negative sentences.
4.4. Questions in the Simple Past
You need the auxiliary did and the infinitive of the verb.

15. 6. Past Progressive
1. Use of the Past Progressive
1.1. actions were in progress at a special
time in the past
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
1.2. two actions were happening at the
same time (the actions do not influence
each other)
Anne was writing a letter while
Steve was reading the New York Times.
1.3. together with Simple Past
While we were sitting at the breakfast table,
the telephone rang.
1.4. repeated actions irritating the
speaker
(with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew was always coming late.
2. Signal words
 While
3. Form
to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Past
Progressive
4.2. Negative sentences in the Past
Progressive
4.3. Questions in the Past Progressive

16. 7. Past Perfect (1/2)
1. Use of the Past Perfect
1.1. together with the Simple Past
Mary had read the book before she watched a
film.
1.2. the past equivalent of the Present
Perfect
He had played hockey.
2. Signal words
no specific ones
3. Form
had + past participle *
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Past
Perfect – regular verbs
4.2. Affirmative sentences in the Past Perfect – irregularverbs
4.3. Negative sentences in the Past Perfect – regular
verbs

17. 7. Past Perfect (2/2)
4.4. Negative sentences in the Past Perfect –
irregular verbs
4.5. Questions in the Past Perfect – regular verbs
4.6. Questions in the Past Perfect – irregular verbs
* past participle:
regular verbs → infinitive + -ed
irregular verbs → no rule

18. 8. Past Perfect Progressive
1. Use of the Past Perfect Progressive
how long something had been happening before something else happened
2. Form
had + been + infinitive + ing
3. Example
I had been waiting for Susan for 2 hours when she arrived.

19. 9. Future – Going to
1. Use of the going to-future
1.1. planned actions in the future
We are going to sing at the party.
1.2. You are certain that sth. is going to
happen in the future (logical consequence).
Look at that car! It is going to crash into the yellow
one.
2. Signal words
no specific ones
3. Form
to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the going to-
future
4.2. Negative sentences in
the going to-future
4.3. Questions in the going to-future
ATTENTION!!
Do not mix up with the Present Progressive!

20. 10. Future – Will
1. Use of the will-future
1.1. future actions happen without the speaker's
intention
The sun will shine tomorrow.
1.2. predictions, assumptions
I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.
1.3. spontaneous actions
Hang on! I'll have a word with you.
2. Signal words
no specific ones
3. Form
will + infinitive
4. Examples
4.1. Affirmative sentences in the will-future
4.2. Negative sentences in the will-future
4.3. Questions in the will-future

21. 11. Future Perfect
1. Use of the Future Perfect
sth. will already have happened before a certain time in the future
2. Form
will + have + past participle
3. Example
I will have written the letter by tomorrow.

22. 12. Future Progressive
1. Use of the Future Progressive
1.1. An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun
before the certain time.
1.2. Something happens because it normally happens.
2. Form
will + be + infinitive + ing
3. Examples
3.1. When I come to school, the other kids will be waiting for me.
3.2. We'll be going to the disco on Saturday.

23. 13. Future Perfect Progressive
1. Use of the Future Perfect Progressive
sth. that will have already begun and will be continuing in the future
2. Form
will + have + been + infinitive + ing
3. Example
I will have been swimming for an hour by 6.30.

24. 14. Conditional Simple
1. Use of the Conditional Simple
We use it for something that might happen.
We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.
2. Form
would + infinitive
3. Example
I would fly to Sydney if I had the money.

25. 15. Conditional Perfect
1. Use of the Conditional Perfect
We use it for something that might have happened in the past.
We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.
2. Form
would + have + past participle
past participle → (infinitive + -ed) or no rule for irregular verbs.
3. Example
I would have phoned you if you hadn't switched your mobile off.

26. 16. Conditional Progressive
1. Use of the Conditional Progressive
We use it for something that might happen.
We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.
2. Form
would + be + infinitive + ing
3. Example
I would be going home if you came with me.

27. 17. Conditional Perfect Progressive
1. Use of the Conditional Perfect Progressive
We use it for something that might have happened in the past.
We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.
2. Form
would + have + been + infinitive + ing
3. Example
Maria would have been singing if there had been more people in the room.

28. Tenses Diagram

29. II. MODAL
AUXILIARIES/MODALS

30. Modals
1. Auxiliaries, Modals and Main verbs
be, have and do can be auxiliaries and main
verbs.
They have grammatical functions and are used
for forming tenses, questions, the passive, etc.
Modals are can, could, may, might, shall,
should, will, would, must, ought to,
and need (need can also be a main verb).
Examples:
We can play football.
We could play football.
We may play football.
We might play football.
We must play football.
We mustn't play football.
We needn't play football.
We ought to play football.
We shall play football.
We should play football.
We will play football.
We would play football.
2. Long and contracted forms of modals

31. III. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES,
IF-CLAUSES TYPE 0, I, II, III

32. Conditional sentences, if-clauses type 0
1. Function
Used to make statements about the real
world, and often refers to general truths,
such as scientific facts. In these sentences,
the time is now or always and the situation
is real and possible.
2. Form
3. Examples
- If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.
- Plants die if they don't get enough water.
- If public transport is efficient, people
stop using their cars.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
You can replace "if" with "when",
because both express general
truths. The meaning will be
unchanged.
Examples:
- If you heat ice, it melts.
- Ice melts if you heat it.
- When you heat ice, it melts.
- Ice melts when you heat it.

33. Conditional sentences, if-clauses type I, II, III
Conditional sentences
There are three other types of conditional sentences.
1. Form
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

34. IV. RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
who, which, whose and that

35. Relative pronouns: who, which, whose and that
When do we use the relative pronouns who, which, whose and that?
who → when we talk about people
which → when we talk about things
whose → instead of his/her or their
We also use that for who/which.

36. 1 . A LOT OF/ LOT S OF
2 . EA CH/ EVERY
3 . M ANY/ M UCH, A LITTLE/ LITTLE, A FEW/ FEW
4 . SOM E/ A NY
5 . SOM ETHING/ ANYTHING
V. QUANTIFIERS

37. 1. Quantifiers: A lot of/Lots of
When do we use a lot of and when lots of?
These phrases are mainly used in informal
English. Both forms are used in singular and in
plural sentences.
It is not the phrase a lot of or lots of which
determines singular or plural, but the noun of
the sentence (here: water and computers).
1. Informal English
Singular
A lot of water is wasted.
Lots of water is wasted.
Plural
A lot of computers are needed at schools.
Lots of computers are needed at schools.
2. Formal English
In formal English we use plenty of or much
and many instead of a lot of/lots of.
Singular
Plenty of water is wasted.
Much water is wasted.
Plural
Plenty of computers are needed at schools.
Many computers are needed at schools.

38. 2. Quantifiers: Each/Every
When do we use each and when every?
The words each and every have similar
meanings.
Each/Every time I go to work, the red car is
parked in front of the office.
But each and every are not always
interchangeable. There are situations where you
can either use each or every.
Use
each is used when you see the persons in a
group as individuals.
every is used when you see the persons in a
group as a unit.
1. EACH
The word each can be
used alone or before an of-phrase.
1.1.can be used for two persons or things
There are two boys. Each is smiling.
1.2. can be used as a pronoun
There are 5 worksheets. Please take one of each.
1.3. can be used before a verb
The students each received a free copy of the
magazine
2. EVERY
2.1. used for three or more persons or
things
The manager wants to speak to every employee
in his office.
2.2. has to be used before a noun
They enjoyed every minute of their holidays.
2.3. used for repeated actions
I get up at 6 o'clock every morning.
The show will be broadcast every other Monday.
Every time I go shopping I choose the wrong
queue.
There's a tram every ten minutes.

39. 3. Quantifiers: Many/Much, A little/little,
A few/few
1. When do we use much and
when many?
much: uncountable nouns (milk,
marmalade, money, time etc.)
many: countable nouns (bottles of
milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes
etc.)
Examples:
How much money have you got?
How many dollars have you got?
2. When do we use a little/little and
when a few/few?
a little: non countable nouns (milk,
marmalade, money, time etc.)
a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars
of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.
We use few and little without the article a to point
out a more unsure meaning.
Examples:
A few students of our school know this. (There
are some student who know it.)
Few students know this. (It is almost unknown.)

40. 4. Quantifiers: Some/Any
When do we use some and when any?
We use some and any for an amount which is not known. e.g.: Have you got any crisps?
Use of some and any
some: affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer ›yes‹
any: negative statements, questions
Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.
Exceptions:
I would like to buy fruit at a market. I see the man has wonderful apples so I can ask him:
Can I have some of these apples?
If I do not see apples or if I am not sure whether there are apples at all I use any in this question.
Have you got any apples?

41. 5. Quantifiers: Some/Any
Compounds with some and any What is the difference
between someone and somebody?
someone is used for a more special
person
and somebody for a person in general.
E.g:
There's someone at the door.
I'd like to be somebody.

42. THANK YOU!