2. Cancer of esophagus: malignant tumor of the
esophagus usually appear as ulcerated lesions,
most often in middle and lower portion of the
esophagus.
Incidence:
More common in men than in women
Usually between ages 50 to 70 years
4. Clinical findings
Dysphagia
A sensation of mass in throat
Substernal pain or fullness
Regurgitation of undigested food with foul breath
and hiccups
Weight loss
Substernal burning after drinking hot fluids
Narrowing of the esophagus the area of the tumor
seen in barium meal report
6. Management
Radiation therapy- inoperable tumor only for
symptom alleviation
Chemotherapy:- not found effective
Surgery:
Esophagectomy
Esophagogastrostomy
Esophagoenterostomy
Palliative gastrectomy
7. Nursing interventions
Provide nursing care for the client receiving radiation
therapy
Prepare client for surgery, in addition to routine pri-
operative care:
Provide meticulous oral hygiene
Explain that client may have a chest tube if thoracic approach is
used
Prepare client for feeding through gastrostomy
In addition to routine post-operative care:
Monitor NG tube-expect bloody drainage for approximately 12
hrs with gradual changes to greenish to yellow
Prevent gastric reflux
Provide emotional support to client/significant others
8. Provide client teaching:
Gastrectomy and proper dietary measures
Importance of cessation of smoking and elimination of
alcohol consumption
Maintain good oral hygiene
Maintain a high calorie, high protein diet
9. Cancer of the stomach
50% of gastric cancer occurs in the pyloric region or
adjacent to antrum
Most of adenocarcinoma
Often not diagnosed until metastasis occurs, because the
stomach is able to accommodate to the growth of a tumor
and pain occurs late in disease.
May metastasize by direct extension, lymphatic or blood to
the esophagus, spleen, pancreas, liver or bone
Incidence high in men more than 40 years
More frequent; African American, Japanese
Age 50 to 70 yrs
10. Assessment findings of cancer of stomach
Fatigue, weakness, lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
weight loss
indigestion
Epigastric fullness, epigastric pain
Pallor, poor skin turgor
mobile, palpable epigastric mass
Shortness of breath
11. Diagnosis
Stool test
CEA +ve (carcino embriogenic antigen)
Hb and HCT decreased
Endoscopy with biopsy
Barium x-ray
CT and USG
12. Management
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Surgery: type depends on location and extension of
tumor
Treatment for anemia, gastric decompression,
nutritional support, fluid and electrolyte
maintenance
13. Cancer of the pancreas
Most pancreatic tumors are adenocarcinomas and
half occurs in the head of the pancreas
Malignant growth from the epithelium of the
ductal system, producing cells that block the ducts
of the pancreas.
Fibrosis pancreatitis and obstruction of the
pancreas
Lesion tends to metastasize by direct extension to
the duodenal wall, spleenic flexure of the colon,
posterior stomach wall and common bile duct
15. Signs and symptoms
Anorexia, rapid progressive weight loss
Dull abdominal pain, located in the upper abdomen
or left hypochondrial region with radiating to back
related to eating
Jaundice
16. Management
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Wipple's operation; resection of the proximal pancreas,
adjoining duodenum, distal portion of the stomach and
distal segment of the common bile duct
Drug therapy: Oral hypoglycemic or insulin pancreatic
enzymes, bile salts (after surgery)
17. Nursing interventions
Nursing management same as pancreatitis
Provide care for client receiving chemotherapy,
radiation therapy
Routine pre and post-op care
Provide emotional support
Provide client teaching:
Need to eat small frequent meals of a low fat, high
carbohydrate diet with vitamin supplements
Importance of adhering to medication regimen after
surgery
18. Cancer of the liver
Primary cancer of the liver is extremely rare but it is a
common site for metastasis because of liver's large
blood supply and portal drainage from primary cancer
of the colon, rectum, stomach, pancreas, esophagus,
breast, lungs and melanomas frequently metastasizes to
the liver
Enlargement, hemorrhage, necrosis are common
occurrences
Primary liver tumor often metastasize to the lung
Incidence high in men
Prognosis poor; disease well advanced before clinical
signs evident
19. Signs and symptoms
Weakness, anorexia, nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
Temperature slightly high
Right upper quadrant discomfort, tenderness,
hepatomegaly, ascites, jaundice, increased liver
enzyme, increased bleeding tendency
Peripheral edema
20. Diagnosis
LFT, Alphafetoprotein
CT, MRI, Abdominal X-ray< USG,
Liver biopsy
Management:
Palliative- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Resection of liver segment or lobe if tumor is
localized
21. Nursing interventions
Same as cirrhosis of liver plus
1. Provide emotional support for client and significant others
regarding poor prognosis
2. Provide care of the patient receiving chemotherapy and
radiotherapy
3. Provide care if client with abdominal surgery plus:
Preoperative:
Perform bowel preparation to decrease ammonium intoxication
Administer vitamin K to decrease risk of bleeding
Post-operative:
Administer 10% glucose for first 48 hrs to avoid rapid blood sugar drop
Monitor for hyper/hypoglycemia
Assess for bleeding (hemorrhage is most threatening complication)
Assess for signs of hepatic encephalopathy
22. Cancer of the small intestine, colon & rectum
Cancer of the small intestine is very rare
Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colon
cancer
Colon carcinoma is more common in men and
incidence high after 50 yrs of age; Second most
common site for cancer in men and women; usually
occurs between age 50 to 60 yrs
Tumor- narrowing of lumen of bowel, ulcerations,
necrosis or perforation
24. Assessment findings
Alternate diarrhea and constipation
Abdominal cramps, discomfort or pain, distension
Weakness, anorexia, weight loss, pallor
Ribbon or pencil type stool, tenesmus
Frank or occult blood positive in stool
Digital rectal examination indicates a palpable mass
25. Diagnosis
Stool for occult blood positive
Hb and HCT decreased
CEA+ve
Sigmoidoscopy reveal a mass
Biopsy
Barium enema show a colon mass
Digital rectal examination
27. Nursing interventions
Nursing interventions common to all bowel surgery
1. In addition to routine pre-op care:
Ensure adherence to dietary restrictions
i. Offer clear liquids only one day before surgery
ii. Provide high-calorie, low residue diet 3-5 days before
surgery
Assist with bowel preparation
i. Administer antibiotics 3-5 days pre-op to decrease bacteria
in intestine
ii. Administer enemas to further cleanse the bowel
Administer vitamins C, K(decreased by bowel
cleansing) to prevent post-op complications
28. 2. In addition to routine post-op care
Promote elimination
i. Asses for signs of returning peristalsis
ii. Monitor characteristics of initial stools
Monitor and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Additional nursing interventions specific to
abdominoperineal resection
Reinforce and change perineal dressings as needed
Record type, amount, color of drainage
Irrigate with normal saline
Provide warm seitz baths 4 times /day
Cover wound with dry dressing
29. Additional nursing interventions specific to colostomy
1. Prevent skin breakdown
Cleanse skin around stoma with mild soap and
water and pat dry
Use a skin barrier to protect skin around the stoma
Assess skin regularly for irritation
Avoid the use of adhesives on irritated skin
2. Control odor, maintain pleasant environment
change pouch/seal whenever necessary
Empty or clean bag frequently, and provide
ventilation afterwards; use deodorizer in bag/room
if needed
Avoid gas-producing foods eg cabbage, onion, eggs
etc
30. Promote adequate stomal drainage
Assess stoma for color and intactness
Expect mucoid/serosanguinous drainage during the forst 24 hrs, then
liquid type
Assess for flatus indicate return of intestinal function
Monitor for changing consistency of fecal drainage
Irrigate colostomy as needed
Position client on toilet or in high Fowler’s if client on bed rest
Full irrigation bag with desired amount of water (500-1000ml) and
hang bag to the bottom is at shoulder height
Remove air from tubing and lubricate the tip of the catheter or cone
Remove old pouch and clean skin and stoma with water
Gently dilate stoma and insert the irrigation catheter or cone snugly
Open tubing and allow fluid to enter the bowel
Remove catheter or cone and allow fecal contain to drain
Observe and record amount and catheter of fecal return
31. Promote adequate nutrition
Assess return of peristalsis
Advance diet as tolerated, add new foods gradually
Avoid constipating food
Provide at least 2500 ml liquid/day
Encourage client to discuss concerns and feeling about
surgery
Provide client teaching and discharge planning concerning:
a. Recognition of complications and need to report immediately
Changes in odor, color, consistency of stools
Bleeding from the stoma
Persistent constipation/ diarrhea
Changes in the counter of the stoma
Persistent leakage around the stoma
Skin irritation despite treatment
b. Proper procedure for colostomy irrigation (no irrigation in
ileostomy