Topics included in; 1. Types of Qualitative Research (QR) 2. Data Collection Tools in QR 3. Steps of Data Analysis in QR 4. Ensuring Credibility in QR

1. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
A Short Overview
BY: RAFI ULLAH
MS-EDUCATION
RIASAT BIBI
M.Phil. Education

2. Contents to be Covered
1
• Types of Qualitative Research (QR)
2 • Data Collection Tools in QR
3
• Steps of Data Analysis in QR
4
• Ensuring Credibility in QR

3.  Concerned with SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT of
attitudes, opinions and behaviour.
 Emphasis on the qualities, processes and
meanings that are not experimentally examined
or measured
 An inside study of people, events,
organization, or concept by using a Non-Numeric
Method
 Stresses how social experience is created and
given meaning
What is Qualitative Research

4.  Mostly based on Small
Sample (Non-Probability)
 Specially important in the
behavioral sciences where the
aim is to discover the motives of
human behavior
What is Qualitative Research

5. i. Ethnographic Research
ii. Case Study Research
iii. Historical Research
iv. Biographical Research
v. Narrative Research
vi. Documentary Research
Types of Qualitative Research

6.  This types is relevant to the actual situation of people
 This type including the place where people live, the
improvements they have made to that place, how
they make a living and gather food, housing,
energy and water for themselves, what their
marriage customs are, what language(s) they speak and sso on.
 The emphasis in ethnography is on studying an entire culture
For Example
“The indigenous practices of Huli Wigmen Tribes in
Papua New Guinea”
i. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

7.  It is interpreting the events, conditions,
circumstances or situations that are
occurring in the present
 Here individual factor whether it be an
institution or just an episode in the life of
an individual or a group is analyzed in its
relationship to any other in the group.
For example
“Effectiveness of online classes during Covid-19
at primary level: A case study of South Sudan”
ii. CASE STUDY RESEARCH

8. It comprises of systematic collection
and analysis of documents, records
and artifacts with the objective of
providing a description and
interpretation of past events or persons
For example
“Educational Reforms of British Empire
in the Indian Sub-continent”
iii. HISTORICAL RESEARCH

9. It is a type of research that uses every
type of source that provides information of
a person nature.
It serves to document a life, an even
or a social situation-makes clear the
personal and hidden side of a person
life, experience and knowledge.
Examples
Include textbooks, biographies,
encyclopedias, reference books etc.
iv. BIOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

10. This type focuses on the written or
spoken words (letters, conversations,
interviews) and visual representation
(picture, art work) of individuals or their
stories.
For example
“Youth addresses in Allama Iqbal Poetry,
Pakistan”
v. NARRATIVE RESEARCH

11.  Research technique for the objective of
systematic and quantitative description to
clarify the content of communications
Student essays, Exam papers, Minutes of
Meetings, Training Module, Policy documents
For Example
“Recommendations for Technical education in
National Education policies of Belgium”
vi. DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH

12. Steps of Data Analysis in QR
First Step: Reading/Memoing
To read and write memos about all field
notes, transcripts, and observer comments to get
an initial sense of the data.
Third Step: Classifying
Data are typically broken down through the
process of classifying or coding; the pieces of
data are then categorized.
Second Step: Describing
To convey the richness of the research in form of
thorough and comprehensive descriptions of all
participants, background, and the phenomenon
studied to convey the rich complexity of the
research, based on observations, interview, field
notes, and artifacts.

13. ENSURING CREDIBILITY IN A
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY
Qualitative Researchers should ask the following questions
from themselves to check the credibility of the Data.
1. Are the data based on one’s own observation
or on hearsay?
2. Are observations verified by others?
3. In what circumstances was an observation
made or reported?
4. How reliable are those providing the data?
5. What motivations may have influenced a
participant’s report?
6. What biases may have influenced how an
observation was made or reported?

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