Horizontal Vertical And Ratios

Horizontal Vertical And Ratios
In a 2 to 3 page paper, evaluate the three methods of analysis: horizontal, vertical, and ratio as explained in Chapter 9 of your textbook. Summarize
each method, and discuss how the financial information is used to make a particular decision. Provide a scenario in a health care situation in which a
given method of analysis might be used.
Horizontal: "Horizontal analysis, also called trend analysis, refers to studying the behavior of indi– vidual financial statement items over several
accounting periods. These periods may be several quarters within the same fiscal year or they may be several different years. The analysis of a given
item may focus on trends in the absolute dollar amount of the item or trends in percentages. For example, a...show more content...
The application of appropriate techniques is often a mechanical process, although care should be taken that differences in ratio calculation, accounting
policies, asset valuation, and so on are understood so that a valid comparison between companies can be made. Finally, interpretation of the results
requires putting the results in context– for example, by comparing results with industry benchmarks.
One technique used for analyzing financial statements is vertical analysis. It can be difficult to see even basic financial relationships when looking at the
numerical values in a company's financial statements. Therefore, it is helpful to construct common–size statements and perform a vertical analysis in
order to look for any unusual percentages in the common–size statements that identify items that have an excessively large or small value when
considered relative to other values reported in the same accounting period. Both single period and multiple period vertical analyses can be used.
Another technique used for analyzing financial statements is horizontal analysis. It involves making comparisons across two or more years of financial
statements data. Although horizontal analysis techniques can be applied to the balance sheet to quantify the changes in current or total assets over time,
this type of analysis is usually focused on quantifying the
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Methodology of Research Essay examples
Methodology of Research
The method that I will be using to research my area of sociology will be a
structured questionnaire, it will be structured so that the candidates stick to the
questions that they are asked and do not write about irrelevant matters. I will first of
all produce a pilot questionnaire and send it round to a test group of people, and
hopefully see whether or not I am able to obtain the relevant information that I need
for my research with the questions that I have asked my targeted group of people. If
the questionnaire provides me with my needed information, I will the produce more
and send them out to a larger sample of people and obtain my...show more content...
Also using a questionnaire is a quick way to
obtain information and can cover a wide area of matters with just a few questions,
whereas if I had used an interview as my method it would of taken a much longer
amount of time and I might of not been able to get the answers that I needed out of
my candidates. Another bonus of using a questionnaire, would be that once I have

received all of the information I will be able to put my findings into the relevant
tables, and then I will be able to compare my findings to the secondary data that I
have gathered with and will be able to do this with ease.
Because I am establishing the role of women within working class households and the
effect that their roles have had on their families way of life. I need to be able to define
what I class as a working class household; which in my view is a family with either a
mum or a dad or both that goes out to work and then comes home to look after that
home and the family. Therefore I have asked questions to determine who in the
household goes out to work and the sort of jobs that they do around the home. By
asking these questions I feel that I will be able to differentiate between upper, lower
and middle class households and therefore gather the information that I

Research Methods Essay
Quantitative and Qualitative are said to be systematic in different design. Both design have to follow a process system that involved defining a
principle of research.
General speaking, quantitative research is thought to be objective, however qualitative research often involves a subjective element. There are
differences designs in qualitative research in comparison to quantitative research. Qualitative research involves words, pictures, or objects; Quantitative
involves data in the form of numbers and statistics.
However, the researcher uses in–depth interviews in qualitative research to find out how the subjects view their world. In quantitative research the
researcher uses precise measurement to predict hypotheses. Whereas,...show more content...
Qualitative research is conducted in a natural setting and attempts to understand a human problem by developing a holistic narrative and reporting
detailed views of informants about the culture of a problem. It forms a report with pictures and words. One of the most important distinctions that sets
qualitative research apart from more traditional types of research is that qualitative research is holistic in that researchers study phenomena in their
entirety rather than narrowing the focus to specific defined variables" (p. 93). Similarly, Cresswell (1984) indicated that qualitative research "is
defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed
views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting" (p. 2). Cresswell's definition clearly delineates the major characteristics of qualitative research.
Pg. 50 (Smith & Davis, 2010). Pg. 51 (Smith & Davis, 2010). "How do researchers evaluate trustworthiness?" Guba and Lincoln (1994) proposed that
trustworthiness could be judged by the following criteria: conformability, dependability, credibility, and transferability.
For Example, Qualitative researchers use conformability, dependability, credibility, and transferability to evaluate the trustworthiness of a qualitative
research report. In order to prevent researcher bias they can have other researchers point out

Sample Methodology Essay
Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology This methodology section of the research report describes how the study will be conducted and the methods used to
collect and analyse the data. The overall aim of this methodology section is to provide an overview on the methods employed so that a judgment can
be made as to how appropriate they are and how valid the data that has been generated is. Throughout the methodology process, it is imperative to
remember the question this research is aiming to answer for: Has the Recession been a significant factor in bringing about change in the recruitment
process within the public sector? Introduction The recession has affected many HR Processes and new strategies must be developed in order to adapt
to the...show more content...
Firstly, in interpretivism, there is no notion of a factual reality, but rather a situation that is created and interpreted by people (Denscombe, 2002). This
means that any research conducted into social research will automatically shape the results found (Denscombe, 2002). Interpretivism has evolved from
studies trying to understand how people make sense of the world around them (Bryman, 2004). This research methodology engages in an
Interpretivism approach so therefore to a major extent rejects the basic assumptions made by positivism. A summary of the main differences between
positivism and interpretivism can be found in table 3.1 Positivism| Interpretivism| The patterns and regularities in the social world exist independently
of whether they are recognised by people| Social reality is subjective| The research tools have no effect on the thing being observed| Humans react to
the knowledge that they are being studied| The researcher is expected to remain impartial in order to obtain objective results| It is impossible to gain
objective knowledge about social phenomena| Table 3.1 Summary of Positivism versus Interpretivism (Denscombe, 2002) 1.2.5 Inductive versus
Deductive Approachesпј€
еЅ’зєідёЋжј”з»Ћпј‰ The deduction approach begins from the proposal of the theory and ends when the evidence is
collected in order to prove the theory either true or

Psychology Methods
Psychology Methods
Cara Stettler
University of Great Falls
Abstract
This paper consists of the similarities and differences between two therapies used in psychology. The approaches are known as the Client–Centered
Approach and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. They are both used daily, world–wide, and can be seen in different ways. In psychology, the use of
therapy, approaches, and techniques are used all the time. The client–centered model is all about the clients themselves and the cognitive behavioral
therapy relies on direct counseling tools to control and guide the client. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more short–term treatment is structured and is
going towards a goal whereas the client–centered model aims towards asking...show more content...
It analyzes how and why the client thinks a certain way, and aims at changing these patterns to form positive, nurturing, and emotional states that can
replace the current state of disharmony that the client is facing. Behavioral therapy is, in a way, the next stage. It focuses on actions rather than
thoughts and equips the therapist with effective tools to form new behavioral patterns for a client, by stimulating certain positive "rewards" (emotional,
such as praise and encouragement), for the positive changes in behavior that the client demonstrates when encountering a certain problem. When
comparing the two methods, it may seem that the role of the therapist is a lot less important in the client–centered model than in the cognitive
behavioral therapy. However, this impression is far from being true. In fact, the client–centered approach is very much about how the therapist
encourages the client to open up, by showing congruence. As stated by Rogers, the creator of the client–centered model, "By this we mean that the
feelings that the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his awareness and he is able to live these feelings, be them, and able to
communicate them if appropriate." (Dr. C. George Boeree, n.d., n.p.) The therapist is to be as honest and natural as possible while showing sincere
empathy and nurturing the client's inner capacity towards healing. Being appreciative of the honesty and hard work that the client is

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling Methods
A great deal of sociological research makes use of sampling. This is a technique aiming to reduce the number of respondents in a piece of research,
whilst retaining – as accurately as possible – the characteristics of the whole group.
The purpose of taking a sample is to investigate features of the population in greater detail than could be done if the total population was used, and to
draw inferences about this population. In addition, at the practical level, a sample is likely to be both cheaper and quicker to investigate.
All sampling will involve error and sociologists have developed sampling techniques in order to minimize this error. All methods of sampling make
...show more content...
So the test is, does every person in the group have an equal chance of being selected?
Examples of random sampling include; ERNIE, a telephone directory, out of a hat.
An example of systematic random sampling is Willmott and Young's sample of Bethnal Green families.
The technique depends on the mathematical probability that a number of members carefully selected from a larger group will be more or less
representative of that group. Of course, the improbable can happen and the sample is unrepresentative of the target population. One way to increase the
precision of sampling is through stratification.
Non–representative sampling also occurs in sociology. The logic of this approach is that a non–representative sample might present a more demanding
test of a researcher's hypothesis. For example, Goldthorpe and Lockwood tested the embourgoisement thesis (the belief that the w/c were becoming
more like the middle class) with untypical affluent workers. They argued that if the hypothesis was not true among affluent workers, it was not likely
to be true with any other workers. In other words they gave the hypothesis the best chance of being proved correct.
Stratified sample

When the population to be studied is large and the sample relatively small it may be efficient to use stratified sampling. Random sampling assumes that
the list of the

Essay on Research Methods
(Zikmund, 2003) states that exploratory research should be used to clarify ambiguous problems. Management may have discovered general problems
but research is needed to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems.
This study aims at exploring and delving into the underlying factors of why organisations struggle to attract and retain talent using the employer brand.
The challenges of talent management are well known and are applicable to all players, there is a possibility that other drivers are at play and therefore
warrant the need to explore.
(Leedy & Ormond, 2005) asserts that qualitative research answers the questions we cannot skim across the surface. They focus on phenomena that
occur in natural settings – the...show more content...
The ultimate goal is to learn about a large population by surveying a sample of that population.
In order to gain additional insights into the conceptual framework and to further clarify the concepts and effects anticipated in literature, a preliminary
research in the form of semi–structured, in–depth interviews will be undertaken. A semi structured interview allows the researcher to follow standard
questions with one or more individually tailored questions to get clarification or probe a person's reasoning. Respondents will be current employees of
a SA financial institution. The semi structured in–depth interviews will be undertaken to provide detailed insights into the nature of each concept, and
to assist in the development of a relevant framework.
3 focus groups interviews comprising of 8 – 10 people will be conducted with current employees. The semi structured in–depth interview will be
conducted on site (at the bank), using open ended questions and data and responses will be captured using a recording device. The respondents will be
recruited through a referral based convenience sample utilising a snowballing technique. Current employees are chosen because they were once
engaged with the recruitment process and are still engaged with the retention process, allowing them to provide informed comments on the topic at
hand. In

Essay on Research Methodology
3. Methodology: 3.1 Introduction: The study for this thesis will be exploratory research using secondary data collected by the communication agency,
MESH Planning. The agency developed an innovative approach called 'real–time experience tracking', which involves three stages of data collection.
And both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected and used in this context in order to get an insight of critical incidents. This section will
start with a comparison of three possible methodologies for data collection: ethnography, survey (or interview) and real time experience tracking. And
then sampling and data collection methods will be examined followed by a description of data analysis. 3.2 Research approach selection:...show more
content...
They are much cheaper than ethnography with a greater effectiveness, however, all of these interviews or surveys were based on the retrospective
data, respondents answered the questions by their memory and the issue may happened for a long time. There could be a great influence on the quality
of data since the ability of respondent to recall information differed from one to another and some incorrect information often occurred (Baker, 2003).
The third approach considered in this study is the real–time experience tracking developed by MESH planning. This is an approach to record
360–degree touchpoints of brand by respondents in real time. There are three stages of data collection. The first stage uses the pre–online questionnaire
to collect information about brand health and relationship quality. The third stage uses the same questions to ask respondents' perception after brand
encounters in order to identify any change. While the second stage for data collection is the most crucial process in the approach. Respondents are
asked to send SMS message to report any brand encounter via mobile phones. And the online diary also helped to expand these experiences (Willis et
al 2010). Meanwhile, for identifying the CIs, weekly questionnaire will be sent to respondents about the CIs happened in the past week. The approach
offers a holistic view to track customer experience as well as identifying critical incidences. The real–time tracking approach enabled to identify a

Research Methods
Analyze of research in averagely can be accounted as an aim for understanding or a systematic study in search of information to shape or accept
achievable facts. There are two mainly different ways of research. First, there is the basic research that appears not to go into the study field and the
second, way is the applied research that studies given area into the aspect. It applies to resolve, understand and advance the methods and systems that
are used in the search for human understanding of abnormal matters to do with the society. Research also can apply to advance the scientific and
technical levels of knowledge that are applicable in the society. Other research challenges may apply to raise the information and knowledge about
nature,...show more content...
These methods are also applied in mathematical sciences like Chemistry and Physics but the experimentation here is limited. The results from this type
of research methods are convinced through statistics, graphs and tabulations. Although, quantitative research methods have the limitation that they tend
to neglect and ignore the non–measurable actors, which may be of great consequence to the hypothetical relationships. Although this limitation is
overcome by applying the qualitative research techniques in explaining the quantitative accounts that are accumulated from quantitative methods. This
mode of using the two types of research techniques is referred as the Mixed–Research Technique. (Becker 1994, 53–71)
The distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research methods; The term qualitative applies to the fact that the data collected is
non–numerical, while quantitative means that the data collected can be quantified into numbers or numerals. An example of a qualitative research
method is one that relates the environment of individuals and the character that they develop over time. The data collected from this research will be
convinced in terms of answers where one may hypothesize that, children who are brought up in slums grow up to become deviant adults. The
qualitative cause affects relationship here is between deviance and the slum upbringing. A good example of a quantitative research method is one that
seeks to establish the

Feminist Methodologies Essay example
Feminism is a perspective not a research method, meaning there are multiple ways to approach the study of women (Reinharz, 1992). However, a
central goal of feminist empiricism, standpoint epistemology, and post–modernism methodologies is that women's lives are important and must
understand women from their perspective and in context (O'Donnell, 1985, in Reinharz, 1992). Feminist methodologies all share a dedication to move
the focus from the masculine perspective to incorporating both men and women to advance knowledge (DeVault, 1996). Therefore, it isresearch about
women but also for women. It aims to identify various intelligences, the different ways of knowing, and to give a say to the silent voices (DeVault,
1996). Feminist...show more content...
Harding (1987) acknowledges there are three feminist methodologies depending on the relationship between experience and theory the researcher
takes. These differences are based on epistemology and the research approach, instead of data collection (Davidson & Tolich, 2003), and each
methodology shapes the research methods used (Skeggs, 1995). The first is feminist empiricism developed in the 1960s–1970s. It opposed the
universality of male experience, and the partial knowledge that patriarchal methods provided (Burns & Walker, 2005). Women were thus added into
research to remove the sexist bias, as these researchers believed women see the world differently to men, and experiences by women bring an objective
knowledge that is central to challenging stereotypes and untruths (Skeggs, 1995). This methodology seeks equal opportunities for men and women,
achieving this by questioning society and using mainstream methods in a new way.
The second is feminist standpoint epistemology. This position views the oppressed to be the source of knowledge as they are the ones with the
experience and knowing. Researchers thus understand the world from the view of the oppressed women in that particular location (Skeggs, 1995).
However, as the social control of women (race, history, and interests) differs across cultures, this methodology uses 'insider' investigation to enhance
knowledge on a particular group by transferring all authority

Sampling Methods Essay
Sampling is the framework on which any form of research is carried out. A suitable sample that meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria of a research
design must be chosen from a given population to carry out studies. In this essay comparison is made between stratified random sampling and
convenience sampling. The population on which the researcher is interested in carrying out his or her research may be too large, therefore a suitable
sample which can represent the population in correct proportion must be chosen. Restraints such as limitation of time, resources and many other factors
necessitate the selection of a sample for research purpose so that better quality data is obtained from it and that the researcher can make statement about
...show more content...
The methodological strength and weaknesses of this two sampling methods is discussed in terms of identifying the samples for research, the
representativeness it possesses to the general population, the methods and the outcome. Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling where the
selection of sampling unit is left to a random process, all units in the sample has an equal and non–zero chance of being selected on a probability
ground or chance and not on the choice or judgement of the researcher (Sim,J and Wright,C. 2000,). Convenience sampling is an example of non
probability sampling where the selection of the units is not by chance, rather it is dependent on the researcher's judgement, the researcher decides the
samples to be included in the study which may be subject to availability, time, individual preferences etc. The probability of selection of a particular
sampling unit may or may not be known. Stratified random sampling is commonly done in quantitative researches. When the samples reflect the
characteristics of the target population in the same proportion; assumptions can be made on generalizing the data acquired from these samples provided
it has been done correctly, since it is statistically representative (Sim,J and wright,C.,2000) but sampling error

Horizontal Vertical And Ratios

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