This presentation describes important steps before starting writing any paper: Types of Articles Comparison of Review Article and Research Paper Structure of Manuscript Tools used to prepare a manuscript Types of Review The flow of Research Process

1. Tools for writing Review Article
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Instructor Name: Dr. Princy Randhawa
Department of Mechatronics Engg.
Manipal University Jaipur

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Before you start writing
Read the journal aim and scope an make sure it matches with
your research field
Check journal metrics to understand the impact of journal
 Cite-score Metrics
 SJR- Scientific Journal Ranking
 SNIP- Source Normalised impact per paper
 JIF- Journal Impact Factor

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Types of Articles
Original Research/Research Article
Letters/short Reports
Review Articles/ Survey
Methodologies/Methods
Tutorials
Book Chapters
Case Studies

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Comparison
Research paper Review Paper
Based on Experiment, Analysis, and
Result Interpretation
Based on compilation and Analysis
Abstract Abstract
Introduction Background/ Introduction
Material/Methods Discussion
Results Conclusion
Discussion
Conclusion

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Research Paper?
Original Research (Primary Sources)
Problem Statement
Based on Experimentation, Analysis and
Interpretation to support the findings

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Structure of Manuscript/Article
 IMRad Structure
I- Introduction
M-Methods
R- Results
D- Discussion
Each Section provides a same question to be answered
Gives a Logical flow to the content

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Title
The effective title should
Convey the main topics of the study
Highlight the importance of the research
Contains fewest possible words
Adequately describe the content
Informative but concise
Avoid more prepositions

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Abstract
Gateway to the manuscript
Summarise the problem, method, results and conclusion
in a Single paragraph
Make it interesting and understandable
Keep it brief as possible
A clear abstract will keep peer reviewers and readers to
assess the content of the manuscript
150-200 Words
It should mention
Purpose/Design/Methodology/approach/Findings and its
meaning

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Keywords
Tools to help indexers to search engines to search relevant topics
Tips for choosing appropriate keywords
 Include your techniques and or specific methodology (to get more citations)
 Focus on the main topic of your research
 Avoid keywords that are normally one word
 Avoid overlapping keywords in title and keyword list
 Follow journal guidelines when selecting keywords

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Introduction
 Do not write Literature Review in the introduction
 Tell the readers the purpose of your study
 At the end of your introduction include a clear and exact stamen
of your motivation
 Also, explain in a sentence or two about how you conducted the
study

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Methods/study Design/ Experimental
Setup/Materials and Methods
 Materials
 Procedures
 Methods used to measure the results
 Methods used for data analysis
 Equipment's used in the experiments
Tips for writing effective Method Section
 Use subheadings to separate different methodologies
 Avoid present tense, use past perfect tense
 Avoid active voice, use passive voice
 Describe new methods in enough detail
 Describe established methods briefly
 Identify the equipment's and material used

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Results
Use subheadings to separate the results of different
experiments
Results should be present in logical order
Use the past tense to describe the results
Refer to figures and Tables in the present tense
Include the results of statistical analysis in the text
Highlight the main findings

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Discussion
Discuss the results in order of most to least important
Compare the results with those of other studies
 Discuss what your results may mean for researchers
Discuss how could your findings be applied

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Conclusion
State your conclusion in clear and simple way
 Provide justification for the work
Explain how your work advances the present state of
knowledge
Include limitations to your study
Suggest future experiments (increase citations)
Do not re-write the abstract
Do not introduce new arguments, evidence, new ideas
or information unrelated to topic
Do not apologise for doing a poor job of presenting
the material

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Display Items (Figures/Tables)
A picture is a worth a thousands of words
 Display items should stand alone from the text and communicate
clearly your most significant results.
 Display items are important for attracting readers to your work
 High Quality Display items give your work a professional
appearance.

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Tables
Clear and Concise legend/ caption
Data divided into categories for clarity
Sufficient spacing around columns and rows
Units are provided

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Figures
Include Scale bars
Schematic Figures
Data plots
Maps
Units are provided

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References
Reference Management and Formatting Software Applications
 Zotero
 End Note
 Mendeley
 Refworks
 Redcube
 Qicca
 Paperpile
 JabRef
 Doccear
 Margin Note

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Research Paper Writing Tool
 MS Word
 Latex
 Dropbox Paper
 Openoffice
 Scrivener
 Google docs
 Libreoffice

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Review Paper?
Not an Original Research (Secondary Literature)
It gives you a critical analysis of existing published literature in
a field, through summary, analysis, and comparison, often
identifying specific gaps or problems and providing
recommendations for future research.
Narrative- Explanation of exiting knowledge about topic (3000-
5000 words)
Thoughtful-Aim at answering specific questions which require
thought process

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Benefits of Writing a Review
 More citations and increases scientific score
 Attracts more readers
 Readers need not to research more articles

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Flow of Research Process
Choose a Research Topic
Statement of the Research Problem
Research Question and Objective
Review of Existing Literature
Formulation of Hypothesis
Collection of Data ( Primary and
Secondary
Data Analysis and Interpretations
Presentation of Results

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Formulating a Research Topic
I
Identification
• Identifying
the attributes
of a good
research
topic
G
G
Generating
• Generating
ideas and use
them to
formulate
research topics
• Critical/Rational
Thinking
T
Turning
• Turning ideas
into research
questions and
research
objectives
• SMART
Approach

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Characteristics of good Research
Topic
Capability
• Is It
Feasible?
Appropriateness
• Is it worth
it?
Relevance
• Is it
applicable?

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Refining the Research Idea
Use Delphi Technique
Pilot Testing
Continually testing out your ideas
Integrating Ideas
Refining Topics

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Example
Research Idea Research
Question
Research
Objective
Machine
Learning
What are the different
Applications of ML
Different algorithms ,
techniques used in
particular applications
and its effectiveness/
accuracy
How the ML used in
different applications

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Types of Review
Critical Review
Literature (Narrative) Review
Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
Review Based on Meta-analysis
Bibliometric Review
State of the art Review
Scoping Review
Review of Reviews Umbrella Reviews

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Meta Analysis/Bibliometric Analysis
METAANALYSIS BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

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Step 1: Research Kit
 Research Area
 Research Focus
 Sector
 Research Question
 Research Issues
Master File
 10 Good Journal List
 10 Prominent Cited Researcher
 10 Variable (Highly cited)
 10 Indian Researchers
 10 Books of your area
 10 Conferences on your area
 Do you have 100 papers on your area
 Have you read atleast read 50 papers on your area

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Step 2: Search the Literature/ Academic
databases and Search Engines
 IEEE Xplorer
 SCOPUS
 Springer
 Google scholor
 Mendeley
 PubMed
 Research Gate
 Science Direct
 Web of science

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Step 3: Documentation
 List of Papers
 List of Citations
 List of Books
 List of Journals
 List of Keywords
 List of Indian Authors and Foreign Authors
 List of Conferences
 List of Institution for similar work
 List of project and Funding agency

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Step 3: Documentation

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Systematic literature Review

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Bibliometric Mapping (Through VOS
Viewer, Citenet Explorer)
Graphical Representation
1. Keyword
2. Country wise
3. Author wise
4. Co-citation
5. Institution wise
6. Year Wise
Research Outcome
1. Highly cited Authors
2. More Research Area
3. Country wise Highest
publication
4. Institution works
highest and lowest
number
5. Finding Research Gaps

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How to Reduce Plagiarism
I- Identification
C- Citation
Q- Quotation
P- Paraphrasing