3. LA Is defined as loss of sensation in a
circumscribed area of the body caused by
depression of excitation in nerve endings or an
inhibition of conduction process in the
peripheral nerves. ( F. MALAMED 1980 )
DEFINITION
4. COMPOSITION
INGREDIENTS FUNCTIONS
Lignocaine HCl 2% (21.3mg) Anesthetic agent
Adrenaline 1:80,000 (0.0125) Vasoconstrictor
Sodium metabisulfite (0.5mg) Preservative
Methyl paraben (1.0mg)
Sodium chloride (0.6mg) Isotonicity of solution to the
tissues
Sodium hydroxide Maintain pH
Thymol Fungicidal
Distilled water Dilution
Nitrogen bubble 1-2mm in diameter, prevent
oxygen from trapping in cartridge
5. CLASSIFICATION OF LOCAL
ANAESTHESIA
BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
1. ESTERS
a. Esters of benzoic acid
Butacaine
Cocaine
Benzocaine
Hexylcaine
Piperocaine
Tetracaine
b. Esters of Para-amino benzoic acid
Chlorprocaine
Procaine
Propoxycaine
2. AMIDES
Articaine
Bupivacaine
Dibucaine
Etidocaine
Lidocaine
Prilocaine
Mepivacaine
Ropivacaine
3. QUINOLINE
Centbucridine
6. • Low potency - Procaine, chlorprocaine
• Intermediate potency- lidocaine, prilocaine
• High potency - Tetracaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine
BASED ON POTENCY:
8. THEORIES
THEORIES ACTIONS
Acetylcholine theory
Acetyl choline neurotransmitter
Calcium displacement
theory
Displacement of calcium from
membrane site
Surface charge theory
change electric potential at
membrane surface
Membrane expansion
theory
LA molecules diffuses to
hydrophobic regions of
excitable membranes
Specific receptor
theory
Most accepted theory
Acts by binding to specific
receptors on sodium channel
9. EFFECT OF PH
LA are weak bases. penetration through cell
membrane and lipid barrier is more in un ionized
state.
During inflammation, Acidosis occurs which partly
ionizes the LA.
LA unable to cross the cell membrane
10. LIVER DISEASE
1. AMIDE LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
• Lidocaine, bupivacaine are
Primarily metabolized in liver
hence not preferred.
• Articaine has less toxicity than
lidocaine because it is partly
metabolized in blood and partly in
liver and half life is about 20
minutes – so preferred in liver
damage patients
ESTER LOCAL ANAESTHETICS
• Metabolized by enzyme
pseudocholinesterase in the
plasma
• Eg. Benzocaine, butacaine
• Chlorprocaine- hydrolysed
rapidly, least toxic
11. RENAL DISEASE
Esters completely hydrolysed
in plasma small
concentration in urine
Bupivacaine is contraindicated
ESTERS ARE PREFERRED
OVER AMIDES
12. Anti histamine property
Does not affect CVS
parameter
Intrinsic
vasoconstriction
QUINILONES
CENTBUCRIDINE
ALLERGIC TO LIDOGAINE
13. SIDE EFFECTS
1. CVS
Hypotension
Decrease myocardial depolarization
Decrease force of contraction
Ventricular tachycardia
2.CNS
Generalised depression
At low concentration- suppress seizures
At high concentrations- causes seizures
3. Respiratory system
Smooth muscle relaxation
14. MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED DOSE
3 FORMULATIONS
Lignocaine 2%
without
vasoconstrictor
Lignocaine 2% with
vasoconstrictor
1:80,000
Lignocaine 2% with
vasoconstrictor
1:100000
LA RECOMMENDED
DOSE (mg/kg)
LIDOCAINE (2%) 4.4
LIDOCAINE (2%)
WITH ADRENALINE
7
ARTICAINE(4%) 7
For 60 kilograms,
10 syringes (18ml) – LA with adrenaline
7 syringes (13ml) – LA without adrenaline
15. PARTS OF THE METAL SYRINGE
1. Needle adapter
2. Piston with harpoon
3. Syringe barrel
4. Finger grip
5. Thumb ring
24. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
NEEDLE: 25- or 27- gauge needle
Target area:
posterior border of maxilla
Landmarks :
Mucobuccal fold, maxillary tuberosity, zygomatic process of maxilla
Area of insertion:
Height of mucobuccal fold above maxillary 2nd molar
25. SUPRAPERIOSTEAL INJECTION
NEEDLE: 25- or 27- gauge , short needle
Target area:
Apical region of the tooth
Landmarks
Mucobuccal fold, crown of the tooth, root contour of the tooth
Area of insertion:
Height of mucobuccal fold above apex of the teeth
26. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
BLOCK
Needle: 25 gauge long needle
Area of insertion:
Mucous membrane on medial side of
mandibular ramus, at intersection of
horizontal (height of injection) and vertical
lines (anteroposterior plane of injection)
Target area:
Inferior alveolar nerve as it passes
downwards towards the mandibular
foramen but before it enters into foramen
Landmarks:
Coronoid notch
Pterygomandibular raphae
Occlusal plane
27. MENTAL NERVE BLOCK
Needle: 25-/ 27- gauge needle
Target area:
Mental nerve as it exists from foramen
Anatomical landmark:
Mandibular premolar, mucobuccal fold
Area of insertion:
Mucobuccal fold at or just anterior to
mental foramen
29. COMPLICATIONS
LOCAL
1.Haematoma
2. Needle breakage
3.Allergy
4.Facial nerve paralysis
5.Trismus
6.Soft tissue injury
7.Pain or burning sensation
8.Failure to achieve anaesthesia
9. Local necrosis
10. Post anaesthetic intraoral lesions
SYSTEMIC
1. Overdose
2. Allergic reactions to
local anaesthesia
30. HEMATOMA
Most common in Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
Due to trauma to the pterygoid plexus of veins
Immediate Compression
Ice pack
Reassure patient
31. NEEDLE BREAKAGE
Don’t change the direction after insertion , if needed to
change direction withdraw and reinsert
Don’t insert up to the hub .
Surgical reentry
33. FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
Improper placement of the needle into the inferior part of
the parotid gland resulting in trauma to facial nerve
Temporary paralysis of facial nerve
Patient reassured and recovery within 3 hours to 24 hours
34. TRISMUS
Trauma of the lateral and medial pterygoid
muscles OR injection into the ptergo mandibular
space
Barbed needle
Multiple injections
38. Small, battery-operated
device that has leads
connected to sticky
pads called electrodes.
Eliminating or reducing the pain of local anaesthetic
injection.
Pain Gate Mechanism- A beta (Aβ) sensory fibres
reduces the transmission of the noxious stimulus from
the ‘c’ fibres.
Also used in Rx of TMJ pain & Trismus.
TENS
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
39. JET INJECTION
Trans mucosal injection of lidocaine solution for
anesthetic purposes
Rapid, minimally invasive delivery system
Produces surface anesthesia instantly
Alternative to topical anesthetics
40. COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM – WAND
Computer controlled administrative device
Reduces pain
2 specific rates of delivery
Slow rate: 0.5ml/min
Fast rate: 1.8ml/min
PARTS
needle
Disposable wand like syringe held by pen grasp
Foot control- regulates delivery of LA solution at a precision
Factors
Metered flow rate , constant pressure, controlled volume
41. For full mouth scaling
Oraqix is a non-injectable, pH neutral anesthetic
Used in inflamed tissue
conjunction with injectable anesthetics
Maximum dose is 5 full cartridges (8.5ml)-
ORAQIX – INTRA SULCULAR DELIVERY SYSTEM
42. Patch contains 10-20% lidocaine
Applied to the buccal mucosa
for 15 minutes
Provide topical anesthesia by
releasing lidocaine
DENTIPATCH
43. La should not be administered exactly over the graft to
be harvested because it will cause blanching means it
will displace all the blood present inside which is
important for graft survival
FREE GINGIVAL GRAFT
44. Administering the LA too close to the frenum or in the
vestibule will result in bulging of the tissue which
will make the procedure difficult.
It has be administered at a higher level
VESTIBULOPLASTY AND
FRENECTOMY
45. ADMISTERING LA IN THE FLOOR OF MOUTH
PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN NOT TO INJUTE
THE SUBMANDIBLUAR DUCTS AND DEEP LINGUAL
VEINS
TONGUE TIE
46. Infection
wrong selection of local anesthetic solution
Technical mistakes
Anatomical variations with accessory innervation
Anxiety of the patient.
CAUSES FOR FAILURE
47. Administration speed
Failure to aspirate
Pre mucosal anesthesia
Inadequate technique
COMMON MISTAKES