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1. DESCRIPTION
The DESCRIPTION scaffold
1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph
• This statement introduces the subject of the description to the audience.
• It can give the audience brief details about when, where, who or what of the
subject.
2 A series of paragraphs about the subject
• Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence
• The topic sentence previews the details that will be contained in the remainder of the
paragraph.
• Each paragraph should describe one feature of the subject.
• These paragraphs build the description of the subject.
3 A concluding paragraph (optional)
• The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.

2. DESCRIPTION
MODEL OF a DESCRIPTION
Deinonychus
The model of Deinonychus, a dinosaur from the
Creataceous period, can be found in the Museum of Natural
Science.
Deinonychus is small by dinosaur standards. It is about 2.5
metres in length and stands about one metre high at the
shoulder.
This reptile has a long tail, spindly legs and slender neck.
The head is large and the jaws are lined with sharp teeth.
The tail, approximately 3 metres in length, has vertebrae
surrounded by bundles of bony rods so the whole tail can be held
stiff.
The toes of the Deinonychus are unusual. The first toe is
small and points backwards. The second toe has a huge sickle-
shaped claw and is raised. The third and fourth toes are in the
normal position.
Deinonychus is an interesting example of a fast-running
dinosaur.
OPENING
STATEMENT
INTRODUCING
THE SUBJECT
Structures
SERIES OF
PARAGRAPHS
DESCRIBING
THE SUBJECT
CONCLUSION
TIMELESS
PRESENT
TENSE
Grammatical
features
ADJECTIVES
TOPIC
SENTENCES

3. REPORT
The REPORT scaffold
1 A general opening statement in the first paragraph
• This statement tells the audience what the text is going to be about.
• This can include a short description of the subject.
• This can include a definition of the subject.
2 A series of paragraphs about the subject
• Each paragraph usually begins with a topic sentence.
• The topic sentence in the beginning of each paragraph previews the information
contained in the rest of the paragraph
• The sentences after this preview give more details.
• Each paragraph should give information about one feature of the subject.
• These paragraphs build a description of the subject of the report.
• These paragraphs may include technical language that is related to the subject.
3 A concluding paragraph (optional)
• The concluding paragraph signals the end of the text.
• This paragraph can summarise the report

4. MODEL OF A REPORT TEXT
Galaxies
A galaxy is a collection of stars and other
astronomical bodies, including planets, comets and
asteroids, held together by gravity.
Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. These
include the spiral, barrel-spiral and elliptical. Our galaxy
called the Milky Way, is approximately 100 000 light years
in the width and contains over 100 billion stars.
The centre of galaxies can contain many young,
very hot stars as well as older stars. Swirling clouds that
have been energised by magnetic forces also exist in the
centre.
At this point in time, no one knows the exact number
of galaxies in the universe. Astronomers are, however,
learning more and more about them everyday.
INTRODUCTION
WITH A BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
Structures
PARAGRAPHS
ABOUT THE
SUBJECT
CONCLUSION
TIMELESS
PRESENT
TENSE
Grammatical
features
TECHNICAL
TERMS
RELATED TO
THE SUBJECT
GENERAL
NOUNS

5. RECOUNT
The RECOUNT scaffold
Step 1
Introductory paragraph that tells who, what, where, and when.
Step 2
A sequence of events in the order in which they occurred.
Step 3 (optional)
A conclusion

6. RECOUNT
MODEL OF A RECOUNT
We are having a great holiday here on the Gold Coast. Yesterday we went to
Movie World.
When we got up in the morning, it looked like rain. After a while the clouds
disappeared and it became a sunny day. We then decided to go to Movie World.
The first ride I went on was Lethal Weapon. Next I saw the Police Academy
show. After that I had lunch as I was really hungry. Meanwhile, Mum and Kelly
queued for the Batman ride.
About one o’clock we got a light shower of rain but it cleared up soon after. We
then went on all the other rides followed by the studio tour.
It was a top day. See you when we get back.
Structures
INTRODUCTION
THAT
PROVIDES
ORIENTATION
PROPER
NOUNS
Grammatical
features
WORDS
SHOWING THE
ORDER OF
EVENTS
PAT TENSE
SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS THAT
RETELLS THE
EVENTS IN THE
ORDER THEY
OCCURRED
CONCLUSION
PROPER NOUNS

7. NARRATIVE
The narrative scaffold
1. Orientation
In this paragraph the narrator tells the audience who is in the story, when it is
happening, where it is happening and what is going on.
2. Complication
This is the part of the story where the narrator tells about something that will begin a
chain of events. These events will affect one or more of the characters. The
complication is the trigger.
3. Sequence of events
This is where the narrator tells how the characters react to the complication. It includes
their feelings and what they do. The events can be told in chronological order (the order
in which they happen) or with flashbacks. The audience is given the narrator’s point of
view.
4. Resolution
In this part of the narrative the complication is sorted out or the problem is solved
5. Coda
The narrator includes a coda if there is a moral or message to be learned from the
story.

8. NARRATIVE
MODEL OF A NARRATIVE
The Drover’s Wife
(adapted from a short story by Henry Lawson)
The two-roomed house is built of round timber, slabs and stringy-bark and
floored with split slabs. Bush all round-bush with no horizon, for the country is
flat. The drover, an ex-squatter, is away with sheep. His wife and children are
left here alone.
Four ragged, dried-up looking children are playing about the house.
Suddenly one of them yells ‘Snake! Mother, here’s a snake!’
It is near sunset, and she knows the snake is there. She makes up beds
for the children and sits down beside them to keep watch all night.
She has an eye on the corner and a green sapling club ready by her
side. Alligator, the dog, lies nearby.
It must be one or two o’clock in the morning. The bush woman watches
and listens, thinking about her life alone whilst her husband is gone.
It must be near daylight now. The hairs on Alligator’s neck begin to
bristle. Between a crack in the slabs an evil pair of small, bead-like eyes glisten.
The snake-a black one-comes slowly out.
Alligator springs. He has the snake now. Thud, thud as the woman
strikes at the snake. The dog shakes and shakes the black snake. The snake’s
back is broken. Thud, thud is head is crushed.
She lifts the mangled reptile and throws it on the fire. The eldest boy
watches it burn and looks at his mother, seeing tears in her eyes.
He throws his arms around her and exclaims, ‘Mother, I won’t never go
droving; blarst me if I do!’
Structures
ORIENTATION
TELLING WHO
AND WHERE
SPECIFIC
CHARACTERS
Grammatical
features
ADJECTIVES
PROVIDING
DESCRIPTION
USE OF TIME
WORDS TO
CONNECT
EVENTS
COMPLICATION
THAT TRIGGERS
A SERIES OF
EVENTS
SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS WHERE
THE
CHARACTERS
REACT TO THE
COMPLICATION
RESOLUTION
IN WHICH THE
PROBLEM FROM
THE
COMPLICATION
IS SOLVED
CODA THAT
GIVES THE
MORAL TO THE
STORY
VERBS SHOWING
ACTIONS
ADJECTIVES
SHOWING
DESCRIPTIONS

9. PROCEDURE
The PROCEDURE scaffold
1 An introductory statement giving the aim or goal
• This may be the title of the text.
• This may be an introductory paragraph.
2 Materials needed for completing the procedure
• This may be a list.
• This may be a paragraph.
• This step may be left out in some procedures.
3 A sequence of steps in the correct order
• Numbers can be used to show: first, second, third and so on.
• The order is usually important.
• Words such as now, next and after this can be used.
• The steps usually begin with a command such as add, stir, or push.

10. Anzac biscuits
PROCEDURE
Models of a procedure
You will need:
2 cups of rolled oats
1 cups caster sugar
4 tablespoons golden syrup
2 tablespoons boiling water
1 cup plain flour
250 grams butter
1 teaspoon baking soda
2
1
GOAL
Structures
LIST OF
MATERIALS
REQUIRED TO
COMPLETE THE
PROCEDURE

11. 1 Turn oven into 160 C.
2 Lightly grease oven tray.
3 Mix oats, flour and sugar in a large bowl.
4 Melt butter and golden syrup in a pan.
5 Mix baking soda and boiling water in a cup.
6 Add this mixture to melted butter and golden
syrup
7 Add this to the oats mixture in the large bowl, mix
together well.
8 Roll tablespoonfuls of the mixture into balls. Put
on tray 5 cm apart.
9 Press lightly on top of each with a fork.
10 Bake for 20 minutes
PROCEDURE
Models of a procedure
Structures
SEQUENCE OF
STEPS IN THE
ORDER THEY
NEED TO BE
COMPLETED
o
SENTENCES
BEGINNING
WITH VERBS
Grammatical
features
SENTENCES
WRITTEN AS
COMMANDS

12. How to reduce the risk of heart
attack
Today I will tell you how to reduce the risk of
having a heart attack.
Firstly, be a non-smoker. Secondly, see
your doctor regularly for tests to check your
cholesterol levels. Thirdly, eat a low-fat diet
and keep to a healthy weight. Finally, exercise
regularly.
PROCEDURE
Models of a procedure
Structures
TITLE
GIVES
GOAL
ADVERBS
SHOWING
ORDER
Grammatical
features
SEQUENCE OF
STEPS TO
ACIEVE THE
GOAL
SENTENCES
WRITTEN AS
COMMANDS