2. Intrinsic motivation
• act of doing something without any obvious external rewards.
• You do it because it’s enjoyable and interesting
• It is not an outside pressure/incentive to do it,
•There is No reward & No deadline
Example- reading a book
o because you enjoy reading and
o have an interest in the story or subject,
(rather than reading because you have to write a report on it to
pass a class.)
Some examples of intrinsic motivation are:
participating in a sport because it’s fun
and you enjoy it rather than doing it to
win an award
learning a new language because you
like experiencing new things, not
because your job requires it
spending time with someone because
you enjoy their company and not
because they can further your social
standing
3. Extrinsic motivation
• Being paid to do a job is an example of extrinsic
motivation.
• You may enjoy spending your day doing something other
than work,
but you're motivated to go to work because you need a
paycheck/salary to pay your bills.
• In this example, you're extrinsically motivated by the ability
to afford your daily expenses.
Examples of external extrinsic
rewards include:
competing in sports for
trophies
completing work for money
customer loyalty discounts
buy one, get one free sales
frequent flyer rewards
4. leadership style
• It is a leader's methods and behaviours when-
directing
motivating and
managing others
A person's leadership style determines-
how they strategize &
implement plans
while accounting for-
expectations of stakeholders &
well-being of their team.
COMMON LEADERSHIP STYLES
1. Democratic Leadership
2. Autocratic Leadership
3. Laissez-Faire Leadership
4. Strategic Leadership
5. Transformational Leadership
6. Transactional Leadership
7. Coaching Leadership
8. Bureaucratic Leadership
9. Visionary Leadership
10. Pacesetting Leadership
11. Situational Leadership
5. Controlling
• important functions of a manager.
• In order to seek planned results from the
subordinates
a manager needs to exercise effective control over
the activities of the subordinates.
• control function can be defined as –
ensuring that activities in an organization are
performed as per the plans.
• Controlling ensures that –
an organization’s resources are being used
effectively & efficiently
for the achievement of predetermined goals
Controlling is a goal-oriented function.
It is a primary function of every
manager.
Controlling the function of a manager
is a pervasive function
6. Importance / Role of Controlling
1. Accomplishing Organizational Goals
The controlling function is –
• an accomplishment of measures
• that further makes progress
• towards the organizational goals &
• brings to light the deviations, &
• indicates corrective action.
Therefore it helps in guiding the organizational goals which
can be achieved by performing a controlling function.
2. Judging Accuracy of Standards
A good control system enables management to verify
whether the standards set are accurate & objective.
• Helps in keeping careful check on the changes
which take place in the organization &
in the environment and
helps to review & revise the standards in light of such changes.
3. Making Efficient use of Resources
• each activity is performed in such manner
• in accordance with predetermined standards
• so as to ensure that the resources are used in the most effective &
efficient manner
• for the further availability of resources.
4. Improving Employee Motivation
• each employee knows well in advance about the standards of
performance on the basis of which they will be appraised.
• Therefore it helps in motivating and increasing their potential so to
make them & helps them to give better performance.
5, Ensuring Order & Discipline
• creates an atmosphere of discipline in the organization
• Helps minimize dishonest behavior on the part of the employees.
• It keeps a close check on the activities of employees and
the company can be able to track and find out the dishonest
employees
by using computer monitoring as a part of their control system.
7. Stress Management
• STRESS can be defined as any type of change that causes
physical, emotional or psychological strain.
• STRESS MANAGEMENT is defined as the tools, strategies, or techniques that
reduce stress and reduce the negative impacts stress has on your mental or
physical well-being.
• A variety of techniques can be used to manage stress.
• These include mental, emotional, and behavioral strategies.
• When stress management is used regularly and in response to stressful life
events, we can optimize our well-being
• Stress can be acute (e.g., in response to a lion)
• or chronic (e.g., in response to a stressful job
we've had for years).
• Stress can come from work, finances,
relationships, and a variety of other places,
• Stress can also come from inside the body,
from illnesses or inflammation.
• These stressful events initiate activation of the
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis.
And the greater the stress we have, the greater
the activation of the HPA axis
8. Stress Management Activities
Some of the most important activities for stress
management include optimizing sleep, eating, and
exercise
Sleep
Insufficient sleep contributes to greater HPA axis
activation . That's why stress management should
include improving duration and quality of sleep. To
start, be sure to block out blue light (from TVs,
phones, and computers) at least 30 minutes before
bed . You might also try getting blue-light blocking
glasses or getting a sleep-inducing red light
bulb (which improves sleep) for your bedside lamp .
• Diet
Dieting or restricting calories actually increases HPA
activation . So if you’re aiming to manage stress be
sure to eat enough nutritious food to fuel all your
body's systems.
Exercise
Because exercise increases the demand for energy
and cortisol, avoid high-intensity exercise when
trying to get your stress under control. Instead, do
low-intensity exercise like walking, swimming, or
yoga .
9. Stress Management Skills
• Try meditation
• Multiple studies have shown that mediation can
decrease cortisol in the context of stressful situations .
This suggests that building our meditation skills may
be helpful for managing stress
• Find opportunities to be kind to others
• Expressing positivity towards others, for example with
compassion, gratitude, and loving-kindness, can buffer
us against stress. So finding ways to be kind may
indeed be a good stress reducer.
• Shift your mindset
When we are stressed, we can view the situation as a
challenge that we can handle or a threat that we are
afraid of. The research suggests that viewing a situation
as a challenge (and not a threat) reduces our stress . So
try to remind yourself that “You can do this! And you’re
stronger than you think!”
10. Stress Management Techniques
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing a group of muscles as you
breathe in and quickly releasing tension as you breathe out. Proceed
through one set of muscles at a time. For example, start with the hands,
then forearms, then biceps, then shoulders, and so on. Research has
shown that progressive muscle relaxation can lower cortisol [9], so it
may be a helpful technique to try.
Breathing exercises
• One effective way to activate the parasympathetic nervous system (the
rest and digest system) is with deep breathing. For example, cycling
slow breathing (2-4 breaths per minute) then fast (30 breaths per
minute), then ending with three long “Om”s, can reduce anxiety [10].
Breathing techniques like this and others can help turn off your stress
response.
Cold water dunk
• Another way to activate the parasympathetic nervous system is by
submerging our bodies in cold water [11]. So, if you’re feeling stressed,
jump in a cold shower or pool to tamp down your stress.
• Eating For Stress Management
• It might surprise you that you can do a lot to manage your stress by
changing your diet. The foods we eat often contribute to the amount of
stress we experience. So implementing a few healthy dietary
strategies can be really helpful to add to your stress management plan.
Here are a few to explore.
• Cut down on sugar
• Sugar increases inflammation so it can exacerbate stress in the longer-
term. So eat healthy carbohydrates like whole fruits and veggies.
• Eat high-quality protein
• Protein is important in the stress response. So be sure to eat antibiotic-
free beef, chicken, eggs, fish, and meat substitutes (if vegetarian). And
be careful to avoid processed meat, which can increase inflammation.
• Eat high-quality fats
• Trans fats contribute to inflammation which can put pressure on the
HPA axis and vegetable oils are not much better. That’s why avoiding
trans fats (in margarine, hydrogenated oils, and many processed foods)
and vegetable oils like soy and canola is important. Instead
consume fruit oils such as olive oil, coconut oil, and avocado oil when
trying to reduce stress.
