family patterns, its nature; different approaches to family studies- Nature and importance of conceptual framework

1. Presented by,
Pavithra N.
Deptt. of HDFS
I.C. College of Home Science

2. Family
In the context of human society, a family is
group of people related either by consanguinity , affinity.
Family, that's a strong word. For me, it means to
feel secure, to have someone who you can count
on, who shares your problems. But it also means to
have respect for each other and
responsibility. Family is a really important word.
family can be anything that involves love. Webster's
dictionary defines family as “a group consisting of
parents and children living together in a
household.”
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3. Family in India
• Historically, the traditional, ideal and
desired family in India is the joint family. A
joint family includes kinsmen, and generally
includes three to four living generations,
including uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews, and
grandparents living together in the same
household.
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4. Changing family pattern in India
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5. Family types in India
• Based upon structure
• Based upon blood relation
• Based upon residence
• Based upon succession
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6. Based on structure
• Simple, elementary or nuclear family
• Joint family
• Extended family
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7. Based upon blood relation
• Family of Orientation: It is the family in which
one is born. His identity in this family is as son,
the father’s family of the Hindus and the
Muslims of India.
• Family of procreation: The family which one
helps to set up after one’s marriage. His
affiliation to this family will be as father.
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8. • Childless Family
While most people think of family as including
children, there are couples who either cannot or
choose not to have children. The childless family is
sometimes the "forgotten family," as it does not meet
the traditional standards set by society. Childless
families consist of a husband and wife living and
working together. Many childless families take on the
responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive
contact with their nieces and nephews as a substitute
for having their own children.
•
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9. • Grandparent Family
Many grandparents today are raising their
grandchildren for a variety of reasons. One in
fourteen children is raised by his grandparents,
and the parents are not present in the child's
life. This could be due to parents' death,
addiction, abandonment or being unfit parents.
Many grandparents need to go back to work or
find additional sources of income to help raise
their grandchildren.
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10. Based upon marriage
• Monogamous family
• Polygamous family
– Polygynous family
– Polyandrous family
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11. On the basis of succession
• Patrilineal family: The family in which authority and
succession flow through the male line. Sons of such
families live permanently in their parental house and the
daughters have to leave it after their marriages. They are
to live in their husbands’ house. Family property is shared
by the sons. Daughter inherits nothing.
• Matrilineal family: The family whose authority and
succession flow through the female line, as among the
Khasi and the Garo. Married daughters with their
husbands live in the house of their mother. Sons move out
after their marriages.
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12. Based on the residence
• Patrilocal family: After marriage, if the bride
goes to reside in the father’s residence of the
groom, such a type is known as patrilocal
family. In most of the patrilineal society such
type is found.
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13. • Matrilocal family: In this type of family, husband
goes to reside in the residence of the wife i.e. her
mother’s household. Among the Khasi and the Garo,
the daughters live permanently in the household of
their mother and the sons come out of the family
after their marriages. Mother, in such type of family,
is the person in supreme command and the next
position is held by her brother. Due to the impact of
rapid modernization, matrilineal system is now in the
process disintegration, at least in some aspects of
their corporate living.
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14. • Neolocal family: If the newly married couple
settles in new apartment without any
attachment to the parents’ families of both
the husband and the wife, then such a type is
known as Neolocal family. In modern Bengal
and some enlightened tribal societies such
type of family is met with.
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15. • Bilocal Family: In some societies, a married
couple may live with or near the parents of
either of the spouses. This rule of residence is
called bilocal and hence, the family will be
designated as bilocal family.
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16. • Avunculocal family: It prescribes that a
married couple shall reside with or near a
maternal uncle of the groom rather than with
parents of either of the spouses or in separate
home of their own, as found among the
Nayars of South India.
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17. • Matri-Patrilocal family: In some societies, it is
found that the husband, goes to the house of
the wife to live after marriage but a few years
later or after the birth of the first child, the
husband comes to his own parent’s house
with his wife and children to live permanently
there. This type of family is found among the
Chenchus of Andhra Pradesh.
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19. The Nature of Families
• Definitions
• Kinship unit is a group whose members are
related to one another on the basis of blood ties,
adoption or marriage
• Nuclear family - basic family unit consisting of a
father, mother and children
• Extended family - parents, children,
grandparents, and other relatives who live in
close proximity to one another

20. The Nature of Families
• Definitions
• Modified extended family – individual nuclear
families with extended family ties and relationships
• All societies tend to be organized around a system of
modified extended kinship
• Industrialization has made the family smaller and
more geographically and economically mobile

21. Adequate Family Functioning
• Families go through a number of stages:
»Early marriage
»Child rearing
»Empty nest
»Retirement
• Failure to adjust to the stages or to function
adequately often stems from external and internal
crises that impact the group

22. Adequate Family Functioning
• External crises are outside determinants that affect
the structure and function of the family
•Economic recession and the loss of jobs
•War
• Internal crises arise within the family due to the
problems with a family member
•Physical
•Emotional

23. Adequate Family Functioning
• Sources of family stress and interpersonal problems
may reduce the family to an empty shell
• Empty shell marriages lack a sense of emotional
vitality
• Several factors contribute to the continuation of
empty shell marriages
»Habit
»Economic constraints
»Outside pressures to stay together

24. Effects of Women’s Employment
• Attitudes about working mothers have not changed
as fast as employment trends
• Choice in working outside the home is related to
marital happiness
• Working wives often find themselves having to do a
“second shift”
»Job for eight hours a day
»Housework

25. Effects of Women’s Employment
• Husbands and men have adjusted by:
»Contributing more to household roles
»Taking on the house husband role
»Becoming autonomous - males choosing
a single life over lasting relationships

26. Effects of Women’s Employment
• Juggling Work and Family Responsibilities
• There has been an increase in the hours that men
and women are putting in at work
»It is common to put in 50 hours a week
»Work a number of jobs
• Stress from juggling family and work is related to
marital unhappiness

27. Divorce
• Divorce rate - measure of marriages that end in divorce in
society
• Divorce peaked in the 1980s and began to level off
• Highest rate of divorce occurs within the first three years of
marriage
• Strains of family early on
• Divorce is related to the effects of modernization
• Recent analyses of divorce rates reveal a “divorce divide” - a
widening gap between divorce rates among people with high
levels of education and those with less education

28. Divorce
• Explanations of Trends in Divorce Rates
• 1. No-fault divorce laws
2. Changing functions of the family
3. More geographic mobility
5. Reduced stigma attached to divorce

29. Divorce
• The Impact of Divorce
• Economic impact
»Divorced mothers are often forced into
poverty
• Children often experience divorce as the end of life
as they know it
• Children often feel:
»Fear, anger, depression, and confusion

30. Divorce
• The Impact of Divorce
• Single-parents often feel the strain of divorce in
three ways
• 1. Responsibility overload
• 2. Task overload
• 3. Emotional overload

31. Stepfamilies
• Adjusting to new and blended family roles
»Authority conflicts between stepchildren
and step parents
»Adjusting to stepsiblings
»Adjusting to new household rules and
routines

32. Cohabiting Couples
• Cohabitation is most common among those under
age 25 and those over the age of 65
• Rate of cohabitation is increasing by approximately
15 percent per year
• There are more than 3.5 million cohabitating couples
in the United States
• Many see cohabitation as a trial marriage
• Only 10 percent of cohabitating couples are together
after six years

33. Postponement of Marriage
• It is trend changing to get married later in life
• Median age for women is 25.8 years
• Median age for men is 27.1 years
• Many are postponing marriage for:
»Educational goals
»Career goals

34. Postponement of Marriage
• Postponement of marriage has a number of
implications for the family:
»Fewer children
»Grandparenting at later ages
• Marriage squeeze - the later women wait to marry
the fewer eligible mates there are to choose from

35. Teenage Pregnancy
• Teenage fertility and childbearing rates have
increased in the interior rural areas, college drop
outs, school drop outs, economically vulnerable
groups, etc.,
• A persistent issue in the India is if young woman who
become pregnant should not be allowed to have an
abortion since they consider it as the gift of god.
• One study reported that if a teenage girl elects to
keep her baby, she is more likely to drop out of
school in comparison with those who have an
abortion or give their child up for adoption

36. Gay and Lesbian Families
• Gay and lesbian couples often face a number of
obstacles
• One of these issues is the legal status of gay
marriages and the rights it accords to married
couples
• Obstacles to adopting and rearing children

37. Homeless Families
• The Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies
estimates that about 750,000 people are homeless
on any given night in the United States
• Homeless is related to a number of crises
»Divorce
»Loss of Job
»Health of the breadwinner
»Poverty
»Family problems and violence

38. Homeless Families
• Shelter Poverty and Homelessness
• When families must pay more than 30 percent of
their monthly income for rent or other housing,
social scientists refer to them as “shelter poor.”

39. Family Violence
• Child Abuse
• Child abuse has reached epidemic proportions in
society
• Over 750,000 children are physically abused each
year
• Child abuse has become a more recognized problem
with the help of children’s rights and advocacy
groups

40. Family Violence
• Child Abuse
• Child abuse in a family is related to:
»A one-parent family
»Low socioeconomic status and low
parental education
»Authoritarian parenting
»Four or more children in a family and
receipt of some form of public
assistance
»The family changes its place of
residence frequently

41. Family Violence
• The higher rate of reported abuse among the poor is
related in part to their contact with official agencies
identifying abuse that often goes hidden among
other social classes
• Child abuse is also related to parents who are
extremely demanding and have unrealistic
expectations of what a child can do

42. Family Violence
• Spouse Abuse
• Spouse abuse is related to power and control
• Spouse abuse is a function of gender inequality
and patriarchy
• The cycle of abuse often involves
»Tension
»Belittlement
»Violence
»Remorse
»Reconciliation

43. Social Policy
• Divorce Law
• No-fault divorce law
• California in 1970 and then the rest of the states
• The Ongoing Debate Over Divorce Law
• Making divorce more difficult
• Louisiana and Covenant Marriage Laws and family
values

44. Social Policy
• Divorce Law
• Alimony - the amount of money paid by one partner
to the other has been tied to fault in the divorce
• Child Support
• Most states have instituted tougher collection
policies
• Stepped up efforts to collect child support

45. Social Policy
• Efforts to Reduce Teenage Pregnancies
• Sex education and access to birth control
• Child Care and Family Support
• Policies to assist low-income families with children
»Child care
»Health
• Family Leave Act

46. Social Policy
• Abstinence Only, Abstinence Not
• Congress is preparing to cut the funding for so-
called abstinence only programs.
• Despite the substantial social-scientific evidence,
it is unlikely that there will be Federal support for
increased access to birth control or sex education
directed toward teenagers.

47. Social Policy
• Child Care and Family Support
• The plea continues from social scientists for a
coherent public policy to assist low-income families
with children.
• Future Prospects
• One of the brightest areas of change is the
Family Leave Act

48. Approaches to family studies
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49. Anthropological approaches to family
studies
• Defining families
• The formal study of families
• The current situation
• Cross cultural perspectives on families
• Fertility
• Gender roles trends
• Change in families
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50. Psychological approaches
• The vastness of the field
• The family as an entity
• The family from the child development perspective
• The family both as an entity in itself and as the producer
of developmental and welfare outcomes of its members
• Family social wellness
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51. Conceptual framework- Nature and
importance
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53. SYMBOL OF TRUST