This document discusses the negative effects of internet addiction among youth in India. It provides statistics showing high internet usage in India. It then discusses the neurobiological factors that can contribute to internet addiction, such as the role of dopamine in creating feelings of pleasure and addiction. Case studies are presented showing common physical, emotional, and social symptoms of internet addiction, such as depression, social isolation, and poor academic performance. Risk factors for youth include easy access to technology and lack of emotional support. The document analyzes how internet addiction can be linked to other psychiatric disorders and negatively impact brain development.

1. Presented by,
Pavithra N.,
2018HS11D
Dept. of HDFS
I.C. College of Home Science

2. VULNERABILITY OF YOUTH TOWARDS THE
DARKER SIDE OF
DIGITAL REVOLUTION

3. Contents
 Digital Revolution in India
 Statistics
 Introduction
 Neurobiology of addiction
 Health complications
 Case studies
 Coping strategies
 Conclusion

5. Digital Revolution in India
 India missed the First and Second Industrial
Revolution.
 Also missed the Third Technology revolution
 But now India has been lucky to be at the forefront of
leading into the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

6.  As of 31st December 2018, India had a population of
o 130 crore people (1.3 billion),
o 123 crore (1.23 billion) Aadhaar digital biometric identity
cards,
o 121 crore (1.21 billion) mobile phones,
o 44.6 crore (446 million) smart phones,
o 56 crore (560 million) internet users (Indian express, 2019)
& (IAMAI, 2018).

7.  The first publicly available internet service in India was
VSNL on 15th August 1995.
 Government has embarked on the massive Bharat
Net, Digital India, Made in India, Make in
India and Startup India initiatives to expedite the internet
based eco-system.

8. The apps developed in these sectors by govt. are the best example for
digitalization in India.
Agriculture
Communication
Defense
Education
Environment & Forest
e- Procurement
Finance
Food
Foreign affairs
Housing
Human resources

9. Industries
Information & broadcasting
Infrastructure
Labour and employment
Library and automation
Office automation
Rural
Science & Technology
Security
Social development
Transport
The apps developed in these sectors by govt. are the best example for
digitalization in India.

10.  The next important transformation is the development of
platform economies like Amazon, Facebook, Google, and
Ebay, and newcomers like Uber, Lyft, Deliveroo, and Up-
work have created a wide range of activities.
 This development has been facilitated by new information
and communication technologies in the digital world
(Kenney & Langley, 2016).

11. Statistics

13. ASIA
48%
22%
EUROPE
19%
AFRICA
10%
OCEANIA
1%
INTERNET USERS BY REGION
(Internetlivestats.com, 2020)
AMERICA (NORTH AND
SOUTH

14. Internet Addiction
A behavioral pattern characterized by excessive or
obsessive online and offline computer use that leads to
distress and impairment. The condition, though
controversial, has attracted increasing attention in the
popular media and among health care professionals.
Expanding research has identified various subtypes,
including those involving excessive gaming, sexual pre-
occupations, e-mail and text messaging (APA, 2013).

15.  The brain continued to misinterpret the experience much
better than it predicted, and the brain begins to value the
experience more and more.
 The human brain started seeking new things, that resulted
in varieties- food, shelter, clothing, language, etc., etc.,
etc.,
 Technology addiction is difficult or impossible to simply
abstain from food or sex addictions.

16.  The Internet is no longer merely an infrastructure.
 It has become an unlimited space for information
exchange, social networking, and the development of
cyber behaviours (Mak et al., 2014).

17. The world’s Internet user base was around 3 billion, in
which approx. 1.4 billion users were from Asia. The higher
IA, i.e., 45.7% is from Asian countries (Indians are the
highest users in Asia). There has been an explosive growth
of Internet usage worldwide and this is expected to continue
with its use becoming an integral part of everyday life. The
internet provides tremendous educational benefits; however,
excessive internet use can lead to negative outcomes such
as poor school performance, lack of concentration and
social isolation (Choi et al., 2008)

18. Case study

19.  Though internet addiction is not officially recognized as a distinct behavioral disorder
yet but in context of rapidly growing internet use, the internet addiction (IA) is been
recognized as a global concern.
 It seems necessary to have some effective measures for prevention and management
of internet addiction. Multi-model treatment of internet addiction looks promising but
focus should also be on prevention. People should be made aware about the negative
consequences of irresponsible internet use.
 India has the youngest population in the world but it’s our responsibility to
inculcate the right habits among next generation so we don’t lose the power of
our young just in surfing online and they are available in real world instead of a
virtual one only.

20. Addiction and Behaviorism….?
BEHAVIORALADDICTION
Operant
conditioning
Self- Actualization
theory
B. F. SKINNER
ABRAHAM MASLOW

23. Actually what happens?

25. Neurobiology of internet addiction
 Several structures of the brain are important in the
Conditioning process of Behavioral Addiction; these
Subcortical structures form the brain regions known as
the Reward System. One of the major areas of study is the
Amygdala, a brain structure which involves emotional
significance and associated learning.
 The region which will be affected are Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Cortex, Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Supplementary
Motor area and parts of the Cerebellum.

26.  The keynote chemical behind addiction is Dopamine. As,
all addictive drugs cause a massive release of dopamine
in brain, certain ways of using internet can cause a
particularly strong release of dopamine to unnatural
levels. Dopamine is the key player in the “Reward
circuit”.
 So, in this way the chemistry behind the Behavioral
Addiction and Substance Addiction are same.

27. Comparing of dopamine and serotonin pathway

29. Dopamine
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
C8H11NO2

30. Revolution in Brain
Addiction
3. Repetitive behaviour
4.
Dependence
5. Withdrawal
1.
Sensitization
2. Tolerance

31. Why is the mind craving to do?
 The purpose of this dopamine- not to make you feel good,
but to learn how to get that reward again and again.
 Dopamine will also be released on getting an unexpected
reward.
 We are wire to crave new information. These new
information is interpreted like an unexpected reward.

32.  If we were not curious about new things in our history,
we would have not enjoyed the varieties in food, water,
shelter, etc., etc., etc.
 Since the internet is a novelty machine, it has the
capacity to hijack the brain parts that is responsible for
emotional control for which something dopamine is
particularly reactive to.

33.  When the body is exposed to sunlight, the brain will start
increasing the dopamine receptors along with Vit-D.
 Generally, the light triggers the release of the dopamine-
the reason behind the feeling of excitement when eyes
exposed in front of screen or monitor.
 According to the study conducted by Sheppard in 2019
at Recovery Research Institute, Lesly University, it takes
14 months of complete abstinence for the dopamine
transporter levels (DAT) to return to nearly normal.

34. Case study

35. Why do we feel happy?
• The Excitatory neurotransmitter “Dopamine” will be
released in multiple folds.
• The Inhibitory neurotransmitter “Serotonin” level goes
down or merely available.
• The dopamine is released in large amount creates the
feeling of “Euphoria” that make us feel happy exited .

36. © American Society for Clinical Investigation, 2003.

39. Why youths are the targets?
This is because of the following reasons,
India’s average age is 26.8 years.
Educational systems are being updated to smart class.
Exposed to use the smart phones and electric devices
at very early stage.
As discussed, human brains always get attracted to the
new things. Unfortunately, the bane is we get all these
new information by just swiping and clicking.

40. Free or with very less cost of internet availability.
Dependency of the adult group in technological aspect.
The lack of emotional support due to some unavoidable
situations.
Any prior addictions or co-morbidity.
Getting irritated with life/ bored.
Depression, Loneliness, Anxiety, Self-Impotent feel,
Emotional satisfaction, Pre-occupations in mind.

41.  According to the consolidated report by the psychiatrists,
 Usage patterns accompanied by dependence and increasing
indulgence warrant attention.
 Unlike substance abuse, which is mainly restricted to the
youth of affluent families, social media is not.
 Insomnia, relationship problems, anxiety, depression and poor
academic performances are the consequences as well as
symptoms.

42.  In severe cases of addiction, patients report spending 8-10
hours posting images, like posts, tweeting or sharing
contents.
 Incidence of sexual promiscuity and drug abuse is high
among social media addicts.
 Problems like anxiety and depression may warrant
addiction (P.S, The Hindu, 2016)

43.  Adolescents increasingly use the Internet for communication,
education, entertainment, and other purposes in varying
degrees. Given their vulnerable age, they are prone to Internet
addiction.
 Dependents were found to delay other work to spend time
online, lose sleep due to late-night log-ons, and feel life
would be boring without the Internet. The hours spent on the
Internet by dependents were greater than those of non-
dependents (Nalwa and Anand, 2003) .

44.  Similarly, “Internet addiction is more widespread in
university campuses where laptops and computer labs are
within easy reach; it is also being seen in high school and
middle school students” (Walace, 2014).

45. And the bitter truth is,
(Bharti et al., 2019)

46. (Bharti et al., 2019)

47. Similarly,
 The prevalence of social media addiction was 36.9% among
users, distributed equally among private and Government Pre-
Universities. The most common health problem identified was
strain on eyes (38.4%), anger (25.5%), and sleep disturbance
(26.1%).
 Being a male, the habit of smoking, alcohol, tobacco,
consumption of junk food, having ringxiety and selfitis were
found to be significant risk factors for social media addiction.
 Social media addiction was found in over one-thirds of subjects
and majority had mild addiction (Masthi, 2018).

48. Neuroplasticity
 Technology has altered human physiology. It makes us
think, feel or even dream differently. It affects our
memory, attention spans and sleep cycles. This is
attributed to the scientific phenomenon “Neuroplasticity”.
 It is also known as the ability of the brain to change
continuously throughout the life by forming new neural
connections every time.

49. Eg: London taxi drivers
Licensed London taxi drivers show that humans have a remarkable capacity to acquire and use
knowledge of a large complex city to navigate within it. Gray matter volume differences in the
hippocampus relative to controls have been reported. We examined the London taxi drivers with
London bus drivers, who were matched for driving experience and levels of stress, but differed in
that they follow a constrained set of routes. We found that compared with bus drivers, taxi drivers
had greater gray matter volume in mid-posterior hippocampi and less volume in anterior
hippocampi. Furthermore, years of navigation experience correlated with hippocampal gray matter
volume only in taxi drivers, with right posterior gray matter volume increasing and anterior volume
decreasing with more navigation experience. This suggests that spatial knowledge, and not stress,
driving, or self-motion, is associated with the pattern of hippocampal gray matter volume in taxi
drivers. We speculate that a complex spatial representation, which facilitates expert navigation and
is associated with greater posterior hippocampal gray matter volume, might come at a cost to new
spatial memories and gray matter volume in the anterior hippocampus.

50. Flynn effect
 It is the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase
in IQ test score averages over time.
 According to this theory, the increase in the IQ scores can
be ascribed to improvements in health and education. In
addition, people are reading more, new technology-i.e.,
computers and internet forces people to think more
abstractly. All of this leads to an increase in the score.

51.  A survey of 75 experts in the field of intelligence research
suggested four key causes of the Flynn effect: Better
health, better nutrition, more and better education, and
rising standards of living. Genetic changes were seen as
not important (Rindermann et. al., 2017)

52. Physical symptoms
Addiction
Headache
Backaches
Weight gain
or loss
Disturbances
in sleep
Carpal Tunnel
syndrome
Blurred or
strained
vision
Procrastination

53. Internet
Addiction
Feelings
of guilt Anxiety
Depression
Dishonesty
Unable to keep
schedules
Euphoric feeling
when in front of
computer
No sense
of time
Isolation
Defensiveness
Poor personal
hygiene
Poor nutrition
Avoiding
doing
work
Agitation
Emotional symptoms

54. Social Aspect of Internet addiction
 Excessive internet usage may create a heightened level of
psychological arousal, resulting in little sleep, failure to eat for
long periods.
 The adolescents are found less interested in sports activity and
so their participation.
 The key predators of internet addiction would be,
 Watch TV during free-time,
 Chat on social media during free time,
 ‘To feel like a ticking time bomb’,
 Life satisfaction,
 Time spent on the Internet for leisure purposes on weekends. (Pontes and Macur, 2018)

55. Cybersex addiction
Cyber relationship
addiction
Net compulsions
Information
overloaded
Computer addiction
Types of internet addictions we met with

56.  Technology addiction is often present with other disorders
including anxiety, depression, trauma or substance use.
 There was an association between psychiatric symptoms
such as somatization; sensitivity; depression; anxiety;
aggression; phobias; psychosis and diagnosis of Internet
addiction controlling for age, sex, education level, marital
status, and type of universities. (Alavi et. al., 2011)

57.  Prior addictive or psychiatric history (Ko et. al., 2009) & (Cho
et. al., 2013) such as
 depression and anxiety, (Kim et. al., 2006) & (Ha et. al., 2006)
 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Yoo et. al., 2004)
 social phobia (Shepherd & Redelmann, 2005)
are reported to be associated with internet addiction disorder.
 IA can also result from compulsive consumption of online
pornography due to its accessibility, affordability and
anonymity (Southern, 2008).

58.  Narcissistic features are reported to be correlated with
increased selfie taking behavior and later uploading it on the
online social sites (Kaur et. al., 2018).
 Studies have demonstrated lower brain gray matter density
(GMD) in the parts of
 left brain (Zhou et. al., 2009) have altered
 more sleep deprivation, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia,
snoring, teeth grinding and nightmares
in internet addicts compared to non addicts (Choi et. al., 2009)

59. Abstract: With the development of the Internet, an increasing number of adolescents play online
game excessively, which leads to adverse effects on individuals and society. Previous studies have
demonstrated altered gray-matter volume (GMV) in individuals with Internet gaming disorder
(IGD), but the relationship between the tendency to IGD and the GMV across whole brain is still
unclear in adolescents. In the present study, anatomical imaging with high resolution was
performed on 67 male adolescents who played online game; and Young’s Internet addiction test
(IAT) was conducted to test the tendency to IGD. FMRIB Software Library (FSL) was used to
calculate the voxel-based correlations between the GMV and the IAT score after controlling
for the age and years of education. The GMVs of the bilateral postcentral gyri (postCG), the
bilateral precentral gyri (preCG), the right precuneus, the left posterior midcingulate cortex
(pMCC), the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) were
negatively correlated with the IAT score. The correlation still existed between the IAT score and
the GMVs of the bilateral postCG, the left preCG, the left pMCC, and the right MFG after
controlling for the total time of playing online game. When the participants were divided into
two groups according to the IAT score, the GMVs of these IAT-related brain regions were lower in
high IAT score subgroup (IAT score >50) than in low IAT score subgroup (IAT score ≤50). Our
results suggested that the GMVs of brain regions involved in sensorimotor process and cognitive
control were associated with the IGD tendency. These findings may lead to new targets for
preventing and treating the IGD.

62. http://cubiclenewsandinfo.blogspot.com/2012/02/internet-addiction-causes-brain-changes.html

63. Worst impact of porn watching
 Unrealistic sexual beliefs
and values
 An over-focus or obsession
on sex
 Sexually aggressive
behaviors
 Sexually permissive
behaviors
 An earlier interest in having
sex
 Promiscuity
 Questions about their own
body
 Questions about their sexual
performance
 Behaviour problems
 Depressive feelings
 Bonding issues with others,
including their parents

64. Abstract
The recent proliferation of Internet-enabled technology has significantly
changed the way adolescents encounter and consume sexually explicit material.
Once confined to a personal computer attached to a telephone line, the Internet
is now available on laptops, mobile phones, video game consoles, and other
electronic devices. With the growth of the Internet has come easier and more
ubiquitous access to pornography. The authors also discuss the literature related
to the influence of sexually explicit Internet material on self-concept, body
image, social development, as well as the expanding body of research on
adolescent brain function and physical development.

65. Similarly American College of Pediatrictics (2016) said that
porn watching had developed a callous perception towards
women, considering cases of rape to be less serious, being more
accepting of non-marital sex, engaging in diverse sexual practices
such as oral or anal sex, becoming more interested in
pornographic genres, being dissatisfied with one's sexual partner,
perceiving sexual infidelity in relationships to be acceptable,
devaluing marriage, expressing a decreased desire to have
children and showing acceptance of female promiscuity.

66. Information overload
 Information overload takes place when we are exposed to
too much irrelevant information. This leads to an
unnecessary overstimulation of the brain. In fact,
“Information overload is one of the biggest irritations in
modern life” (The Economist, 2011).
 “Information load”, “Cognitive load”, “infobesity”,
“Infoxication”, “Information anxiety” , “information
explosion” or “Cognitive overload”.

67.  Eg: friends sending jokes, stories, scam warnings,
unwanted promos and multitude of assorted clutter.
 This repeated storage of both relevant and irrelevant
information in brain will become overwhelming and
confusing. The result may be what some commentators
have coined as “Data Smog” or “data asphyxiation”.

68. How to detect?
Spend more time with the computer than with people
Can’t abide by their own boundaries
Lying to others about their computer usage
Feeling unable to live without the computer/internet
Misguided spending on their computer

70. How to solve it?
Getting a virtual assistant
Set the computer usage boundaries early on
Get the family and friends onside
Give them the passwords
Modify the routine
Don’t use the computer for recreational purposes
Track the progress

71. Coping strategy
 A single therapy is not sufficient.
 An addicted person should at least think himself/ herself
to overcome.
 The family members are the best doctors.
 Mothers especially are the best friends to share.
Let us discuss with some research findings

72. Case study

73. Treatment
Psychologicaltreatment
CBT
Motivational
interviewing
Reality therapy
Community
reinforcement
and family
training
Pharmacologicaltreatment
Escitalopram
Citalopram
Quetiapine +
Naltrexone
Methylphenidate
Bupropion
Multimodaltreatment
CBT
Family therapy
Teachers training
Self-control
strategies
Communication
skill training
Solution focused
brief therapy
Social
competence
training
Group
counselling
Holistic
impatient internet
addiction
recovery program

74. The more common psychological treatments of Internet
Addiction Disorder include:
Individual, group, or family therapy
Behavior modification
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Art Therapy
Recreation Therapy
Reality Therapy
(Gregory, 2019)

75. To keep the dopamine level in normal
 The food rich in tyrosine and Vit-B12
 Regular exercise
 Meditation/ Yoga/ Relaxation
 Regular massage
 Sleep
 Listening to music
 Supplements (BrainMD, 2020)

76. Conclusion
“There is no question that 21st century youth have become
far more dependent upon internet connectivity for studying,
playing, communicating, and socializing”

77.  Young people are spending most of their time in online
activities like pornography, gambling, online video games,
excessive chatting, cyber bullying and cyber crimes etc.
 Achieving a balance between provision of adequate internet
facilities and protection of public from hazards of Internet
use is a challenge for policymakers.
 As a Mental health professionals, we should be aware about
IA and work still smarter towards implementation of
preventive, diagnostic and treatment strategies.

78.  Everything is fine unless something goes wrong. The
world reached to this advanced stage with the help of
Digital Technology and there is no doubt in that.
 But, when something goes beyond the limit, it has to be
noticed down and taken care.
 Instead of blaming the society, government, or somebody
else, the self should start think to change themselves.
 Since, the age of India is too young, a little more care
should be taken.

79. Abstract
In today’s modern world, the computers have been modified and innovated into different
forms such as supercomputers, laptops, desktops, notebook, etc., Similarly, the internet is
the network of networks which are interconnected with Standard communicating protocols
to provide a wide range of information and also communication. So, the importance of
computers and the internet can never be negotiated. This transformation of the world to the
digital sense despite having the infinite number of advantages has some of the worst
consequences which collectively monitored under different sub-types but defined under a
single scientific term called IA (Internet Addiction). Internet Addiction Disorder is a
behavioral disorder involving the compulsive use of internet despite the negative
consequences which lead to impairment or distress. Though it has not officially included in
DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fifth edition), mentioned
under a common topic of Internet Gaming Disorder, which is an emerging topic to be
discussed and debated since the world is transforming to its digital era. The children and
adolescents are the most vulnerable groups as compared to others. This review paper aims
to collect the information related to internet addiction, their prevalence in India, impact in
three different aspects, predicting factors and therapeutic treatments. The paper shows a
piece of detailed information on the mechanisms involved and the theoretical base for the
entire study. The study mainly focused on the conceptual fieldwork and the therapy to
overcome the addiction.
Key words: Internet addiction Disorder, Internet addiction, vulnerability, adolescents

80. So, this is the mantra for recovery

81. References
• Alavi, S. S., Maracy, M. R., Jannatifard, F., & Eslami, M. (2011). The effect of
psychiatric symptoms on the internet addiction disorder in Isfahan's University
students. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, 16(6), 793–800.
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders. (4th ed., text rev.) Washington, DC: 2000. Author.
• Bharti Singh Vikramaditya, Bansal Jayshri & Villa Sr. 2019. Social Media and
Indian Youth. International Journal Of Computer Sciences And
Engineering 07(01):818-821
• Internet Live Stats: Internet Users (online).
http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/.
• Choi K, Son H, Park M, Han J, Kim K (2008) Prevalence and correlates of
excessive internet use among youth in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med 37: 9-14
• Choi K, Son H, Park M, Han J, Kim K, Lee B et al. Internet overuse and excessive
daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009;
63(4):455–62.
• Cho SM, Sung, MJ, Shin KM, Lim KY, Shin YM. "Does Psychopathology in
Childhood Predict Internet Addiction in Male Adolescents?". Child Psychiatry &
Human Development 2013. 44 (4): 549–555.

82. • Ha JH, Yoo HJ, Cho IH, et al.: Psychiatric comorbidity assessed in Korean
children and adolescents who screen positive for Internet addiction. J Clin
Psychiatry 2006; 67:821– 6.
• Cash, H., Rae, C. D., Steel, A. H., & Winkler, A. (2012). Internet
Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice. Current psychiatry
reviews, 8(4), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520513
• Eric W. Owens, Richard J. Behun, Jill C. Manning & Rory C.
Reid (2012) The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review
of the Research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19:1-2, 99-
122, DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2012.660431
• Kaur S, Maheshwari SK, Sharma P. Narcissistic Personality and Selfie
Taking Behavior among College Students. International Journal of medical
and health research 2018;4 (5):56-60.
• Kim, Sang Heea; Baik, Sang-Hyuna; Park, Chang Soob; Kim, Su Jinb; Choi,
Sung Wonc; Kim, Sang Eunb Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in
people with Internet addiction. NeuroReport: June 11th, 2011 - Volume 22 -
Issue 8 - p 407-411 doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328346e16e.
References

83. • Kim K, Ryu E, Chon MY, Yeun EJ, Choi SY, Seo JS, Nam BW. IA in
Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A
questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2006;43
(2):185-92.
• Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Yeh YC, Yen CF. Predictive Values of
Psychiatric Symptoms for Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Archives of
Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2009; 163 (10): 937.
• Ramesh Masthi, N. R., Pruthvi, S., & Phaneendra, M. S. (2018). A
Comparative Study on Social Media Usage and Health Status among
Students Studying in Pre-University Colleges of Urban Bengaluru. Indian
journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association
of Preventive & Social Medicine, 43(3), 180–184.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_285_17
• Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2003). The addicted human
brain: insights from imaging studies. The Journal of clinical
investigation, 111(10), 1444–1451. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18533
References

84. • American Society for Clinical Investigation, © 2003. J Clin Invest. 2003
May 15; 111(10): 1444–1451. http://doi: 10.1172/JCI200318533
• Kanwal Nalwa and Archana Preet Anand. CyberPsychology & Behavior.
Dec 2003.653-656. http://doi.org/10.1089/109493103322725441
• Mak K-K, Lai C-M, Watanabe H, Kim D-I, Bahar N (2014) Epidemiology
of internet behaviors and addiction among adolescents in six Asian
countries. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking. United States
17: 720-728
• Maheshwari S K, Preksha S. Internet Addiction: A Growing Concern In
India. Indian J Psy Nsg. 2018;15:61-8
• P.S. Rohit, 2016. Social media addiction taking its toll on youngsters:
psychiatrists. The Hindu, February 29.
• Roetzel, P.G. Information overload in the information age: a review of the
literature from business administration, business psychology, and related
disciplines with a bibliometric approach and framework development. Bus
Res 12, 479–522 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-018-0069-z
References

85. • Schultz, W., Apicella, P., & Ljungberg, T. (1993). Responses of monkey
dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive
steps of learning a delayed response task. The Journal of neuroscience : the
official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 13(3), 900–913.
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00900.1993
• Shepherd RM, Edelmann RJ. Reasons for internet use and social anxiety.
Pers Individ Dif .2005; 39:949 –58.
• Southern S. Treatment of Compulsive Cybersex Behavior. Psychiatry Clin
North Am .2008; 31:697–712.
• Tripathi A: Impact of Internet Addiction on Mental Health: An Integrative
Therapy Is Needed. Integr. Med. Int. 2017;4:215-222. doi:
10.1159/000491997
• Gregory, Christiana. 2019. The internet addiction disorder. Psycom.com.
https://www.psycom.net/iadcriteria.html
• Schumpeter, Too Much Information, The Economist, June 30th,
2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18895468.
References

86. • Wallace P. (2014). Internet addiction disorder and youth: There are growing
concerns about compulsive online activity and that this could impede
students' performance and social lives. EMBO reports, 15(1), 12–16.
https://doi.org/10.1002/embr.201338222
• Wei-Po Chou, Chih-Hung Ko, Erin A. Kaufman, Sheila E. Crowell, Ray C.
Hsiao, Peng-Wei Wang, Jin-Jia Lin, Cheng-Fang Yen. 2015. Association of
stress coping strategies with Internet addiction in college students: The
moderating effect of depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2015 Oct; 62: 27–
33. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.06.004
• Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Ha J. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and
internet addiction. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004; 58:487–94,
• Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Qin LD, Zhao ZM, Xu JR, Lei H (2009). Gray
matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: a voxel-based morphometry
study. Eur J Radiol:79(1):92-5.
References

87. • Liu, M., & Luo, J. (2015). Relationship between peripheral blood
dopamine level and internet addiction disorder in adolescents: a pilot
study. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 8(6),
9943–9948.
• BrainMD, 2020. 7 ways to increase Dopamine, Focus and Energy.
https://brainmd.com/blog/7-ways-to-boost-dopamine-focus-and-
energy/#abh_about
• Sheppard, Sarah. 2019. Dopamine and Addiction Recovery : Here’s what
you should know about the “pleasure chemical”. The Temper. Online
Access: https://www.thetemper.com/dopamine-addction-recovery/
• Rindermann, Heiner., Becker, David. & Coyle R. Thomas., 2017. Survey of
expert opinion on intelligence: The Flynn effect and the future of
intelligence. Personality and individual differences. Vol. 106. Pg:242-247.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.061
References

88. • Jović, Jelena and Đinđić, Nataša. 2011. Influence of Dopaminergic system
of internet addiction. Acta Medica Medianae 2011;50(1):60-66.
doi:10.5633/amm.2011.0112
• Pontes, M. Halley and Macur, Mirna. 2011. Individual Differences and the
Development of Internet Addiction: A Nationally Representative Study. IGI
Global publishers. Psychological, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Internet
Addiction.
References