ELD-Report_FINAL_Group_2

December 2014
ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting design at Aarhus University Hospital
Maria Garcia Alvarez, Patrik Burda
Group 2
Résumé
In this project, we develop an understanding of applying electric lighting and
daylighting knowledge appropriate for a psychiatric clinic setting in Aarhus
University Hospital

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Title page
Title: Lighting design at Aarhus University Hospital
Course: Electric lighting design
Hand in date: 15-12-14
Number of pages: 29
Programme: Architectural Engineering
Authors: Maria Garcia Alvarez, 201310887@iha.dk
Patrik Burda, 201401791@iha.dk
Lecturer: Professor Werner Osterhaus, werner.osterhaus@eng.au.dk
Signature:
Maria Garcia Alvarez, 201310887
Patrik Burda, 201401791

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................3
2 Aarhus University Hospital........................................................................................................4
2.1 Current lighting conditions - Patient room..........................................................................5
2.2 Current lighting conditions - TV room.................................................................................6
3 Safety guidelines.......................................................................................................................7
4 The patient room ......................................................................................................................8
4.1 Circadian lighting................................................................................................................8
4.2 Morning lighting.................................................................................................................9
4.3 Evening lighting................................................................................................................11
4.3.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................................15
4.4 Coloured wall-washers.....................................................................................................15
5 The recreational area..............................................................................................................17
5.1 Alternative room layout ...................................................................................................17
5.2 General and task lighting..................................................................................................18
5.2.1 Requirements and design goals .................................................................................18
5.2.2 General lighting design..............................................................................................18
5.2.2.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................24
5.2.3 Evening/task lighting design ......................................................................................24
5.2.3.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................27
References....................................................................................................................................28

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1 Introduction
Over the last few decades, scientific research has produced and increasing amount of
knowledge on what human beings require for healthy living in both indoor and outdoor spaces.
The modern psychiatric clinic should be more than a traditional hospital. It is a space where it is
needed to create homely, comfortable and pleasant atmosphere that helps with successful
treatment.
This paper develops ideas for potential electric lighting design options in both patient room
and TV room. Lighting scenarios have been designed suitable for purposes stated above and
patient circadian rhythm. Illustrations how rooms might appear are done via computer simulation
in DIALux.
The paper starts with a description of current situation in investigated areas. The following
pages show morning and evening options in both patient and TV room, although TV room is main
part of the investigation. Numbers of different lighting scenarios have been developed for general
and task lighting. Each scenario contains table with graphical results. All this information and
different approaches can be used by the architect to decide what lighting design complements the
room space in the best way.
This paper could be used as a guide for further development of the lighting design in hospital
areas.

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2 Aarhus University Hospital
Psychiatric clinic of Aarhus University Hospital is
located in Risskov in quiet green area with a lot of trees
around buildings. It was built on the end of 19th
century. The
main building is slightly higher than others. The hall in the
middle of each building is used as a main communication and
connecting corridor. Patients rooms are placed on both sides
of corridors, thus, there one can find rooms that are oriented
to all cardinal points. Open areas like dining room, TV room
are part of hallways too. Nursery station has reserved place
usually in the corners of each block.
During the visit to hospital dimensions of L-shape, east
side oriented patient room were taken. Besides, Illuminance
values of surfaces were measured with lux meter there. Table 1
describes measured values from patient room. The values were
used for creation of computational 3D model as realistic as
possible in DIALux.
The areas developed in this report are show in picture 1; patient room (red circle)
and TV room (green circle)
Patient room
Illuminance Reflectance Transmittance
[lux] [%] [%]
Frame 400 53,5
Wall 169 70,4
Closet wood 115 35,7
Closet laminate 92 55,4
Bulletinbord 160 41,9
Floor 145 26,9
Bed blanket 319 41,1
Window glass - - 70,0
Curtain - - 83,5
Picture 1 - Building 24 G/H floor plan 1
Table 1 – Measured values of surfaces from patient room

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2.1 Current lighting conditions - Patient room
Following tables show current situation in patient room at noon. It also describes
luminaires that are used there. Results of three different cases give an overview about light quality
in the patient room. Even though simulation is done during the clear sky condition at 12:00
o’clock, there is low illuminance level at the corner where the desk table is. Relatively good
daylight conditions are just on bed and around it.
Current electric lighting performs better. Indirect lighting delivering at least 100 lux
illuminance and warm-white light is particularly recommended for an agreeable, homely
atmosphere in patient rooms. Indirect light makes a room look bigger, has a soothing effect and
that is generally preferred by patients. To rule out the risk of direct glare for bed-ridden patients,
DIN 5035-31
requires that the average luminance of luminaires visible from the bed should be
limited to 1,000 cd/m2
. It also stipulates that the brightness produced by the indirect lighting at
the ceiling should not exceed 500 cd/m2
.7
Current general lighting fulfil all these requirements, therefore, the next focus has
been on different solutions and designs for both morning and evening lighting later.
Graphical presentation of current lighting conditions in patient room is attached in
(Appendix 1).
Floor plan + 3D – light distribution Floor plan of patient room with dimensions
Patient room height: 3150 mm
Bathroom height: 2350 mm
1
2
3 3

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Current luminaires
FOCUS Punkt Lamp D20
1
Lamp Luminous Flux Power
Light Color
Temperature
Downlighter 2400 lm 34 W 2700 K
2
Light Color
Temperature
Dial 20 Pollux
Light Color
Temperature
Task light 480 lm 35 W 3000 K
2.2 Current lighting conditions - TV room
Following tables show current situation in TV room at noon. It also describes
luminaires that are used there. Results of three different cases give us overview about quality of
light in the TV room. Ceiling is regularly covered by luminaires that performs well in all aspects.
Light level achieved in the room is around 200 lux, what is the requirement in Standards.9
The window divides space into lighter and darker area. It has gone to decision to
change position of furniture, which is described in chapter 5.1.
Graphical presentation of current lighting conditions in TV room is attached in
(Appendix 1).
3

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Floor plan + 3D – light distribution
Room height = 3150 mm
Light Color
Temperature
3 Safety guidelines
Mental health facility design is a critical component of patient care. The design of
mental health facilities affects how services are provide and the efficiency with which care is
delivered; warm, welcoming and familiar environments often promote a sense of calm in patients.
However, besides the design considerations to create the proper atmosphere, patient safety also
places important emphasis. Therefore, some considerations regarding lighting design should be
considered to avoid unsafe situations with patient and staffs:2 3

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• Avoid sizing or positioning windows or skylights in a manner that would create undesirable
heat load and glare causing visual discomfort or visual disability.
• Avoid any dark area in corners or other hidden places. Environment design should allow visual
check as fast as possible.
• Sun control is essential, but exposed sun control devices such as drapes, blinds and other
interior shading devices should be avoided in inpatient group congregate areas wherever
possible.
• Limited opening possibility.
• Allow control to patients over artificial lighting fixtures in their rooms, to turn off/on when they
need it. Besides, staffs also should have control over that.
• Light fixtures in areas accessed by patients should be flush mounted in the ceilings, with tamper-
resistant frames and break resistant lenses securely fastened to the frame.
• Wall mounted sconces, pendant lighting and floor or table lamps should not be used in in-
patient settings.
4 The patient room
4.1 Circadian lighting
The preservation of the night—and of the day—is very important to the maintenance
of our health and well-being,” says Deborah Burnett, explaining that our increasing lack of daylight
during daytime hours and the growing prevalence of blue-rich light at night disrupts metabolic
function, immune response, cognitive performance—even genetic expression.4
There are a lot of studies about biologically effective artificial lighting. It should be
geared to the circadian rhythms of the user. Important thing is the right light at the right time.
There are two concepts how lighting for non-visual effects can unfluence biological processes.
The first lighting concept A conveys a sense of day/night rhythm even where daylight
is insufficient: illuminance and the blue content of the light are steadily raised through up to mid-
day and then gradually lowered again through to evening.10

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The second variant lighting concept B can take the form of “light showers”. Which
have an energising effect and promote concentration. Studies have shown that this activating light
delivers positive results in schools. Because the high illuminance is produced by only short bursts
of power, this is a very energy-efficient solution.10
4.2 Morning lighting
As it is known, morning light has a very
special properties and qualities. Colour temperature and
brightness of morning light increase step by step during the
time. Therefore, to create similar scenario inside the room
could be interesting, especially for patients who are not
allowed to go out.
Light therapy is best administered in the morning. It tells our biological clock that the
day has begun and that bodily functions need to be activated. Conversely, it is not a good idea to
apply light therapy in the evening because it will cause melatonin production to be suppressed
and make it harder to fall asleep.10
Morning daylighting simulation in DIALux is used as an inspiration for creation of
similar condition by using artificial lighting. LED rigid bars seem as an appropriate solution of this
scenario. LED bars are mounted on the left and lower wall around windows. It illuminates space in
the immediate nearness around windows.
The general idea for the two cases presented is the simulation of sunrise in the
winter. The luminous flux (total amount of light energy radiated from light source in all directions5
)
is increased from 1 lm to 50 lm during 1 hour in the first case. The second case works with colour
temperature (measurement in Degrees Kelvin that indicates the hue of a specific type of light6
)
which is increased from 2000 K to 3000 K during one hour. LED bars could be supported by general
lighting when 3000 K is reached.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6:43 6:57 7:12 7:26 7:40 7:55 8:09
Luminiousflux[lm]
Time [h]
Increased Luminious Flux
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
6:43 6:57 7:12 7:26 7:40 7:55 8:09
Colourtemperature[K]
Time [h]
Increased Colour Temperature
Graph 1 - Luminous flux 1 Graph 2 - Colour temperature 1

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It could create an atmosphere that can help patient to start day earlier, even though
short days in the winter. Graphical presentation of morning lighting in patient room is attached in
(Appendix 2).
LED linear light around windows
Floor plan of patient room with luminaires Floor plan of patient room with dimensions
Patient room height: 3150 mm
Bathroom height: 2350 mm
OSRAM – LR21P - LED
Light Color
Temperature
LED – Linear light 1 - 50 lm 9 W 2000 - 3000 K
Product benefits Product features
 Construction height: 13 mm
 Modules can be easily joined
together to make seamless strip
lighting
 Low maintenance costs thanks to
a lifetime of up to 50,000 h
(L70/B50)
 Luminous flux: up to
2,050 lm/m
 Ra: typ. 85
 Dimmable
 Up to six modules can be
operated on one control
gear
LED LED

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4.3 Evening lighting
As it is known, natural light changes along the day. Light temperature and
illuminance is not the same at the beginning of the day than at the end. Therefore, to reproduce
that process inside buildings could be interesting; especially for those in which people is not
allowed to go out, as health care centers.
The general idea for the three cases presented is the creation of two main
illuminated areas, one around the head of the bed and the other one at the desk area. During the
end of the day it is considered important to keep a warm atmosphere in the room, but this
shouldn’t prevent the room from having high lux level. Graphical presentation of evening lighting
in patient room is attached in (Appendix 3).
CASE 1
1
2
3

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TRILUX SAN4- 1LED
Light Color
Temperature
LED 4600 lm 47,5 W 2000 K
ERCO GmbH TFL Wallwasher
Light Color
Temperature
Tubular
Fluorescent
2600 lm 30 W 2000 K
ERCO HIT-TC-CE Nadir Recessed floor luminaire
Light Color
Temperature
Metal halide
Tubular
1650 lm 24 W 2400 K
1
2
3

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2
CASE 2
ERCO TFL Wallwasher
Light Color
Temperature
Tubular
Fluorescent
2600 lm 30 W 2000 K
ERCO HIT-TC-CE Nadir Recessed floor luminaire
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
Lamp
1650 lm 24 W 2000 K
1
1
2
1

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CASE 3
LLEDO 2T5 14+1T5 28
Lamp
Luminous
Flux
Power
Light Color
Temperature
Fluorescent
Lamp
5000 lm 66 W 2600 K
PETRIDIS ATSIA 3 LED x 1 W Round
Lamp
Luminous
Flux
Power
Light Color
Temperature
LED 438 lm 3 W 2300 K
OLIGO WL LX 2
Lamp
Luminous
Flux
Power
Light Color
Temperature
LED 900 lm 60 W 2800 K
2
1
1
3
2
3

December 2014
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4.3.1 Conclusion
It is observed from the three scenarios that a warm atmosphere can be achieved
together with enough illuminance level for some activities like reading or writing.
Besides, even lower color temperature could look like it produces lower illuminance level, here,
case III shows that although the luminaires have higher light color temperature filters and the
feeling is kind of brighter, the lux level pictures demonstrated that the general lux level for the
room is no more than 100lux.
Then, comparing case I with II, regarding the luminaire on the head of the bed, it is
observed that a luminaire with curve light distribution going down produces a higher lux level.
Moreover, regarding glare discomfort, this luminaire, the one that produces light going down,
should not cause any problems because the patient has usually the head looking down when
reading on the bed. It is not very common to develop some kind of detail activity facing the ceiling,
when glare discomfort could happen.
4.4 Coloured wall-washers
The right lighting atmosphere can soothe and relax patients, especially in stress
situations, e.g. before examinations, surgery or notification of examination results. Harmonious
lighting has a positive effect on patients and can influence their condition. Light that changes
colour and intensity generates an atmosphere that can have a variety of positive impacts on
patients. Modern touchscreen control enables the colour atmosphere to be tuned to any
situation. Yellow light soothes, green light promotes a sense of security and creativity and violet
light, used sparingly, has a stimulating effect. Coloured light can also convey a special message,
enhancing and personalising the image of the establishment7
.
Different light colours have different influence to
patient mood. This report just illustrates two
opposite cases, wallwasher with red coloured filter
and blue coloured filter.
Blue colour is calming. It stimulates the
parasympathetic system, reduces blood pressure
and calms both breathing and heart-rate. It has anti-
inflammatory and muscle relaxing effects. It fights
both physical and mental tension and is used to
assist in relaxation.
Red colour is used to energise and stimulate. It
affects the heart by increasing pulse rate, and the
muscle by increasing their tension. It influences vitality, and increases body temperature.8
Two ERCO TFL wallwashers mounted on the ceiling are used in simulation. It
illuminates two opposite walls, in front of and behind patient bed. However, other group have

December 2014
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investigated this topic more deeply, thus, following pictures just shows how the room appear with
both red and blue filters.
Picture 2 - Coloured wallwashers 1

December 2014
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5 The recreational area
5.1 Alternative room layout
New room layout of TV area should help to create space where patients can watch
TV but where they can also spend time there with other patients talking, playing cards etc. TV
screen is placed on the opposite wall where the direct light through the window is reduced. There
is area where patients can communicate easier in the back part of room but they can watch TV as
well. Window provides enough daylight for reading therefore we consider new layout as more
useful and appropriate.
Original room layout New room layout

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5.2 General and task lighting
5.2.1 Requirements and design goals
The design concept applied in the TV room is also mainly based in the circadian cycle;
blue bright light during the day and red warm light in the evening. Besides, the new luminaires
layout suggested tries to create a more pleasant atmosphere, both daytime and evening time.
The light is used to create different areas; TV area and table area. Using luminaires with different
light distribution to avoid that even environment that is observed in the current situation
(Appendix 1)
Light level achieved in the room will be around 200 lux and 500 lux depending the
area (TV are and reading area) according to Standards9
5.2.2 General lighting design
The general idea for the different lighting cases of the TV room during daytime is
transmit a feeling as close as possible to the one humans have with natural light. In that way, and
together with cool light temperature, a “no-sleeping” atmosphere is created to help patients to
keep with their daily activities. In all cases the light is provided from the upper part of the room,
the ceiling. The reason for that is that the most sensitive melanopsin-containing ganglion cells are
located in the rear and lower part of the eye10
. They are thus optimally positioned to receive
natural light from the sky, which enters the eye from above and from the front as if emanating
from a large dome. Therefore, to be biologically effective, artificial lighting needs to direct light in
the same way.
Graphical presentation of general lighting in TV room is attached in (Appendix 4).

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CASE 1
Case 1 has two different general lighting areas for the two zones. TV area has two
luminaires with broader light distribution. Then table area has three ceiling luminaires with
narrower distribution to create like a close area around the table.
Besides, this table area has three wall luminaires at the top of the wall to generate a
lighting surface on the ceiling, close to the window, from where light usually comes in a sunny day.
1 32

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SPECTRAL TC-D
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1800 lm 30 W 4000 K
SPECTRAL T16-R
Light Color
Temperature
Flourescent 1800 lm 24 W 5000 K
ERCO LED Pantrac Ceiling Washlight
Light Color
Temperature
LED 1500 lm 15 W 4000 K
CASE 2
Case 2 is generated after observed the results from Case 1. The idea about using
luminaires in the wall to illuminate the ceiling is quite good, that’s why in this case those
luminaires are around the whole room to create that kind of “bright sky”.
However, in Case 1 the illuminance level is quite low, especially for the area around
the table where it is expected to use it as a reading area. Therefore, this time more powerful
luminaires are used in the reading area, in order to get a good illuminance level.
1
2
3

December 2014
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SOLAR Hony TC
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1200 lm 20 W 5000 K
FOCUR lighting TC-TEL
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
2400 lm 34 W 2700 K
ERCO LED Pantrac Ceiling Washlight
Light Color
Temperature
LED 1500 lm 15 W 4000 K
1
2
3
1
3
2

December 2014
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1
2
CASE 3
Case 3 shows a different way to create that bright surface on the ceiling to help
patient to their circadian cycle.
For this simulations four square luminaires above the table are used to generate that
perception of light coming from the window in a very sunny day, or the feeling of a bright sky
above people sitting down.
NOORTEK TC-DEL
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
3600 lm 52,4 W 3000 K
PHILIPS
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
2400 lm 34 W 2700 K
1
2

December 2014
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1
2
CASE 4
Case 4 plays with a different design to create the bright ceiling. In this case a second
lower ceiling is created in the middle of the room. A hidden area between the new ceiling and the
old one is used to locate luminaires that will create diffused light in the room.
Then several ceiling luminaires are placed in the new ceiling to create general lighting
for the room.
SOLAR Hony 1x TC-D
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1800 lm 30 W 4000 K
FOCUS lighting TC-TEL
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1200 lm 20 W 3000 K
1
2

December 2014
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5.2.2.1 Conclusion
There is not a final conclusion after the simulations. However, the four scenarios
present different ideas to create that “natural light feeling” with different layouts of the
luminaires.
The two last cases (III and IV) represent sun feeling in a better way, or at least that is
what the renders from Dialux show. Besides, the illuminance level is higher in these cases, creating
a bigger area in the room with 500 lux. Thus, it could be interested to study them in a deeper way,
and make a further investigation about the more suitable luminaires.
5.2.3 Evening/task lighting design
To create the evening-sleeping environment two things should be different with
respect the daytime lighting; light distribution/luminaires location and color temperature.
According to DIN SPEC 67600, it is recommended the use of dimmed, directional light
in warm light colors with a higher red and sharply reduced blue content for around two hours
before going to bed. Therefore, the light temperatures should lower during evening time in order
to help patient to get into the sleeping mood.
Then, towards evening, the body is prepared for rest: lighting should be geared only
to the performance of visual tasks, delivering directional light with a minimum blue content10
.
Thus, the location of the luminaires plays an important role. During daytime light coming from the
ceiling is something positive for the circadian rhythm, however, during the end of the day, light
source should be placed at a lower high (like when sun goes down). Besides, instead of general
light, the use of task lighting and different lighting areas in the same room could help to achieve
that cozy warm environment.
Graphical presentation of evening and task lighting in TV room is attached in (Appendix 5).

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1
2
CASE 1
ERCO TFL Wallwasher
Light Color
Temperature
Tubular
Fluorescent
2600 lm 30 W 2000 K
1
1

December 2014
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PETRIDIS QR
Light Color
Temperature
Halogen reflector
lamp
1339 lm 100 W 2300 K
CASE 2
For this case the layout from general lighting CASE IV has being used. This time, some of the
general luminaires placed on the ceiling have been turned off and secondly, some other luminaires
have been added to sofas close to the table and the shelves. The idea is reduce a bit the light
coming from the ceiling, increased the different light areas and still use the second ceiling design
and the luminaires applied on it.
FOCUS LIGHTING AS TC-TEL
Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1200 lm 20 W 2200 K
SOLAR Hony 1x TC-D
2
1
2
3
1

December 2014
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Light Color
Temperature
Compact
Fluorescent
1800 lm 30 W 2300 K
OSRAM SPA LR21P
Light Color
Temperature
LED 50 lm 9 W 2200 K
5.2.3.1 Conclusion
It has been demonstrated that the two main ideas to create a sleeping atmosphere,
lower luminaires position and lower light color temperature, are good to reach the goal. The
location of the luminaires looks like the main one, even if one’s doesn’t put down the light color
temperature, the environment is also warmer than when light is coming from the upper part of
the room. Nevertheless, if the light color temperature is added to this low positioned luminaires,
the warm atmosphere is even better.
Therefore, both together are a good combination to help patients to get the sleeping
mood without sacrificing a good illuminance level in the room.
2
3

December 2014
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References
1
DIN 5035-3 Beleuchtung im Gesundheitswesen
2
Design Guide Mental Health Facilities VA USA.pdf
3
Design Guide Medium Secure Facilities Mental Health dh_126177_UK.pdf
4
Circadian lighting at URL: http://www.photonstartechnology.com/learn/circadian_lighting/
5
Luminous flux at URL: http://www.dnp-screens.com/DNP08/Technology/Basic-Visual/What-is-
light/Luminous-flux.aspx
6
Color temperature at URL: http://www.3drender.com/glossary/colortemp.htm
7
Lichtwissen07_E_Healthcare Einvironments.pdf
8
Color therapy and resources and equipment at URL: http://www.natures-energies.com/natural-
therapies/colour-light-therapy-chromotherapy-resources-and-equipment
9
EN 12464-1_Lighting of work places – Indoor work places
10
1403_LW19_e_Impact-of-Light-on-Human-Beings_web.pdf

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