physical education project

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Partha Das of Class-XII, Section-E of
SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE has successfully
completed the PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT in the year
2022-2023.
On the topic “Badminton” under the guidance of our
Physical Education teacher Ms. Susmita Sarkar.
. .........................
Sing of Teacher
Date:

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Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them. I thank God for providing me with everything that I
required in completing this project. I am highly indebted to the
physical education teacher Mr. VIJAYAN for his guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project and also for his support in
completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude
towards my parents for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped me in the completion of this
project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates in
developing the project and to the people who have willingly
helped me out with their abilities.

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INDEX
HISTORY
RULES & REGULATIONS
LATEST CHANGES IN THE RULES
TERMINOLOGY
INJURIES
DIAGRAM OF COURT
SPORTS AWARDS
FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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HISTORY
The contemporary history of the world's favourite game spans more than
100 years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and
association football branched off on their different courses and the
Football Association in England was formed - becoming the sport's first
governing body. Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have
a long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries
reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees,
and to which the historical development of football has been traced back.
Whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable.
Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball
about for thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to consider
it an aberration of the more 'natural' form of playing a ball with the hands.
On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough
tussles for the ball, often without any laws for protection, it was
recognized right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the
feet was not easy and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The
very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was
an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third
centuries BC in China.

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This Han Dynasty forebear of football was called Tsu' Chu and it
consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an
opening, measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto
long bamboo canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player
was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded, but had to use his feet,
chest, back and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his
opponents. Use of the hands was not permitted. Another form of the
game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese Kemari, which
began some 500-600 years later and is still played today. This is a sport
lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no struggle for
possession involved. Standing in a circle, the players had to pass the ball
to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the
ground. The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive -
was much livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played
out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by
boundary lines and a centre line. The objective was to get the ball over the
opposition's boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves,
trickery was the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700-800
years, but, although the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of
feet was so small as to scarcely be of consequence.

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RULES & REGULATIONS
Ball in and out of Play: The soccer ball is out of bounds when it has
crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in air. If it
rebounds off the referee, an assistant referee, a goal post, crossbar, or
corner flag post and remains inside the field, then it is still in play.
Method of scoring: A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses the
goal line between the two goalposts and under the crossbar, as long as no
violation of the rules has taken place. The side that scores the most goals
wins. If both teams have the same number of goals at the end of the
match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them scored a goal.
Offside: A player is in offside position if there are fewer than two
defenders (including the goalie) between him and the goal line. A
violation of the offside rule in football occurs if he is in that position and
the ball is played to him. A free kick is awarded to the opposition if a
player is caught offside.
Fouls and misconducts: The following are the most common fouls in
football: kicking, tripping, pushing, or charging another player recklessly;
striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any member of the
opposing side. A foul is called if a player: makes a tackle but hits the
player before the ball; deliberately handles the ball (except the goalkeeper
in his proper area); or if he uses excessive force in defending an opponent.

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Free kicks: A restarts a play after a foul or rule infringement is
committed and is usually taken from the spot where the violation was
committed. A free-kick can either be “direct”, in which a kicker may
score directly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ball
before a goal can be scored.
Penalty kick: A penalty kick in football is awarded if a defender
commits a foul inside its own penalty area. The kick is taken from the
penalty spot and all the players (except the kicker and the goalkeeper)
must be outside the penalty area and penalty arc.
Throw-in: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes
over the touchline. It is awarded to the team opposing the side that
touched the ball last. The throw is taken from the spot where the ball goes
out of bounds. The taker must throw the ball with both hands, both feet on
the ground, and facing the field of play.
Goal kick: A goal-kick in football is awarded to the defending team if the
opposing team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any player from
the defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It must 9 be taken
anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty area or it will
be retaken. The ball must be touched by another player before the taker
can play it again.
Corner kick: A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking team
if an opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes out of
bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes play by placing the
ball in the corner arc nearest to where it crossed the goal line.

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LATEST CHANGES IN THE
RULES
1. Removing the off-side rule
Van Basten said: “Football is more and more like handball. Personally
I’m curious about how football would work without off-side.”
He cited hockey which works without it, and believed teams could
adapt with time. He added: “The game would be more attractive.
“The attackers would have more chances and there would be more
goals. That’s what fans want to see.”
2. Introducing a basketball-style foul system
Van Basten said: “Like in basketball, a player can only make five fouls
and then has to leave the field”.
Players in that sport, once they have made their sixth offence in a match,
are “fouled out” and cannot return to the court at all.
3. Punish deliberate handballs less harshly
Van Basten believes straight red cards are too harsh, and he would rather
see yellow cards handed out, or the possibility of a “Sin bin” type
sanction, as seen in rugby, of 5-10 minutes.
Although those who remember Luis Suarez’s blatant handball on the
line in the last minute for Uruguay against Ghana in the 2010 World Cup
will maybe see this as too lenient.
4. Making the last 10 minutes flow better
Van Basten said: “We are very aware of the problem of time. The
viewers want to see action and goals.
“The longer a substitution, the execution of a free kick or the treatment
of an injured player, the more playing time is lost. We must be careful
about this.
“We therefore also discuss making the last ten minutes of the game a
period of effective playing time. The ball must roll every ten minutes.

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TERMINOLOGY
Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player is fouled,
but play is allowed to continue because the team that suffered the foul is in better
position than they would have been had the referee stopped the game.
Against the run of play: describes a goal scored, or a win or draw achieved, by a
side that was being clearly outplayed.
Assist: pass that leads to a goal being scored
Back heel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel to propel
the ball backwards to another player
Brace: when a player scores two goals in a single match.
Clean-sheet: When a goalkeeper or team does not concede a single goal during a
match. Counter-attack: kick taken from within a one-yard radius of the corner flag.
Diving: form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to win a free
kick or penalty.
Dribbling: when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close control.
Dummy: skill move performed by a player receiving a pass from a teammate; the
player receiving the ball will angle their body in such a way that the opponent thinks
that they are going to play the ball.
Extra Time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to
determine the winner in some tied cup matches.
False Nine: a center forward who regularly drops back into midfield to disrupt
opposition marking.
Flick-On: when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of controlling
it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it is moving past them, with the
intent of helping the ball reach another teammate
Free Kick: the result of a foul outside the penalty area, given against the offending
team.

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Ghost goal: situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not result in a
goal, or a goal was awarded despite the ball not crossing the line.
Howler: glaring and possibly amusing error made by a player or referee during a
match.
Jew Goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball when
two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with an open goal”.
Kick-Off: method of starting a match.
Lay-Off Pass: short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space
immediately in front of a teammate who is arriving at speed from behind the player
making the pass.
Man On: warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with the ball to alert him
of the presence of an opposing player behind him.
Man-To-Man Marking: system of marking in which each player is responsible for
an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch.
Nutmeg: when a player intentionally plays the ball between an opponent’s legs, runs
past the opponent, and collects their own pass.
Offside: law relating to the positioning of defending players in relation to attacking
players when the ball is played to an attacking player by a teammate.
Open Goal: where no player is defending the goal.
Overlap: move between two teammates.
Shielding: defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their body
between the ball and an attacking opponent, in order to prevent that opponent from
reaching the ball.
Subbed: a player who is withdrawn from the field of play. Sweeper: defender
whose role is to protect the space between the goalkeeper and the rest of the defence
Throw-In: method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball from
behind a touchline after it has been kicked out by an opponent.

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INJURIES
Traumatic Injuries: Knee injuries in football are the most common, especially
those to the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) and to the menisci
(cartilage of the knee). These knee injuries can adversely affect a player's longterm
involvement in the sport. Football players also have a higher chance of ankle sprains
due to the surfaces played on and cutting motions. Shoulder injuries are also quite
common and the labrum (cartilage bumper surrounding the socket part of the
shoulder) is particularly susceptible to injury, especially in offensive and defensive
linemen. In addition, injuries to the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) or shoulder are
seen in football players
Concussions: Football players are very susceptible to concussions. A concussion is
a change in mental state due to a traumatic impact. Not all those who suffer a
concussion will lose consciousness. Some signs that a concussion has been sustained
are headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, drowsiness, numbness/tingling,
difficulty concentrating, and blurry vision. The athlete should return to play only
when clearance is granted by a health care professional.
Overuse Injuries: Low-back pain, or back pain in general, is a fairly common
complaint in football players due to overuse. Overuse can also lead to overtraining
syndrome, when a player trains beyond the ability for the body to recover. Patellar
tendinitis (knee pain) is a common problem that football players develop and can
usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program.
Heat Injuries: Heat injuries are a major concern for youth football players,
especially at the start of training camp. This usually occurs in August when some of
the highest temperatures and humidity of the year occur. Intense physical activity
can result in excessive sweating that depletes the body of salt and water. The earliest
symptoms are painful cramping of major muscle groups. However, if not treated
with body cooling and fluid replacement, this can progress to heat exhaustion and
heat stroke — which can even result in death. It is important for football players to
be aware of the need for fluid replacement and to inform medical staff of symptoms
of heat injury.

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DIAGRAM OF COURT
 Length of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone at
each end).
 Width of field: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet).
 Height of goal posts: At least 30 feet.
 Height of crossbar: 10 feet.
 Width of goal posts (above crossbar): 18 feet 6 inches, inside to
inside.
 Length of ball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis).
 Circumference of ball: 20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4
to 28 1/2 inches (long axis).

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SPORTS AWARDS
Ballon d’Or: It was first awarded in 1956 by the France Football Magazine. The
award was the brain child of Gabriel Hanot - his vision was to have an award for the
best European footballer of the season as voted on by a selectpanel of European
journalists. The Ballo d'Or was quickly established as one of the most prestigious
awards a European footballer could win.
FIFPro Player of the Year: It is a newcomer on the international awards front
having first been awarded in 2005. The awarded is voted on by players from the
various player associations across the world. As such the award shot to prominance
quickly, to be voted as the best player in the world by your fellow professionals is
seen as one of the highest forms of recognition a player can achieve
FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always destined to
become arguably the pinnacle achievement for an individual in Football. Since it's
inception the award has been seen to be provide the definitive answer to the question
who is the best team in the world.

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PFA Player of the Year Award: The Professional Footballer's Association award is
consider by many to be the most prestigious award a player can receive due to the
fact that it is voted on by fellow Footballers. Each member of the association votes
for two players. The award was first given in 1974.
FWA Player of the Year: Along with the PFA Award, the Football Writer's
Association award is considered as the premier individual award in England. It is
awarded to the best player in the English Premier League and is voted on by
approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley Matthews was the award's first
recipient after the 1947/48 award.
FIFA Golden Ball/ Golden Shoe: The Golden ball is presented to the best player of
a World Cup, whilst the Golden shoe is presented to the highest goal scorer in the
tournament. The awards have been presented since the first world cup in 1930. The
Golden Ball is voted on by the world's media, who select their vote from shortlist put
together by the FIFA technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World
Cup) of the Golden Ball is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Golden shoe was awarded to
Miroslav Klose.

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FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
 Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional
footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the
Argentina national team.
 Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ComM,
GOIH are a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish
club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is a forward and
serves as captain for Portugal.

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 Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior Brazilian Portuguese ;born 9
September 1991), better known as simply Oscar, is a Brazilian
professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese
club Shanghai SIPG. He has previously been called up for the Brazil national
team.
 Gerard Piqué Bernabéu ; born 2 February 1987) is a Spanish
professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Barcelona and
the Spain national team.

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CONCLUSION
The football affects us all in profound ways. Whether it is by helping to
develop new reflexes or muscle memory while we play with it, by changing
our perceptions of controllable space while we play without it, or by simply
alleviating stress as a past-time. Football can be seen as a hobby, a sport, an
obsession. But we know football to be more than this. It is, because of its
unique nature as an activity of the feet, an act of rebellion, of liberation, and
of declarative identification. Although it is difficult to see in the United States,
football is the true esperanta - a language that the entire world speaks. And
through this language, if we listen carefully, we can hear a dialogue - a
dialogue of national identity, egalitarian ideas, and of personal liberation.
Football is the ultimate example of symmetry - it could not exist without the
culture that it is situated in, and the culture within which it is played could not
exist without football. In many ways, the history of football is the history of
the modern world. No written history of the world is complete without a
history of the football. So please, pick up a ball and pass it someone else, for
if you do, you are already engaging in the world's most popular phenomenon.
By engaging, we can begin to understand it, and in understanding it, we are
one step closer to understanding the world we live in.