Basketball originated in 1891 when Dr. James Naismith invented the game to keep students active indoors during cold winters. He formulated 13 original rules, most of which still apply today. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by shooting a ball through a hoop. It is played on a rectangular court with a hoop at each end. Teams consist of 5 players who pass, dribble, and shoot the ball, utilizing fundamental skills like pivoting, passing, dribbling, shooting, and rebounding. The game continues to evolve with new rules and tournaments established over time.

1. Basketball
INTRODUCTION
asketball is one of the most popular team sports in the United
States and Europe. The simple object of the game -to throw a 30-
inch ball through a 60-inch hoop more times than the opponent
team does-belies the complex mix of individual skills and team tactics
required at competitive levels. It focuses on dribbling, passing,
rekounding, shooting, and moving without the ball. Players demonstrate
four basic passes (the chest pass, two-hand bounce pass, two-hand
overhead pass, and the baseball pass), as well as three different kinds of
fakes used in basketball (the backdoor, reverse, and self-block).
The origin of the game basketball dates back to 1891. The credit for
starting this game and framing its rules goes to Dr James Naismith, aa
Canadian by birth. An instructor at the YMCA Training School in
Massachusetts, he sought a suitable indoor game to keep his students fit
and warm during the cold New England winters. He formulated 13 rules,
most of which still apply today. In 1893, the first women's game was
played at the Smith College, in Northampton, Massachusetts, USA.
Originally, basketball was played with peach baskets and balls had to be
retrieved manually after each score. Subsequently, a hole was drilled into
the bottom of the basket allowing the balls to be poked out with a
long rod. In 1906, the peach baskets were finally replaced by metal
hoops with backboards. It was originally played with a soccer ball.
The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown, and it
was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball
that would be more visible to players and spectators alike,
introduced the orange ball that is now in common use.
Basketball made its appearance at the Olympic Games in 1904
in St Louis as a demonstration sport, as the competition was held
between only American teams and counted as an event of the
Amateur Athletic Union (AAU of the USA) Championships. At the
Games in 1936 in Berlin, basketball joined the Olympic
programme, where it has remained till date. Women's basketball
debuted at the 1976 Games in Montreal. The USA dominates Dr. James Naismith

2. international basketball and won all the titles up to 1972, the year it was defeated by the Soviet Union at the
Munich Games. In the women's event, the Soviets took gold in 1976, 1980 and 1992, and were later dominated
by the Americans between 1984 and 2008, except in 1992.
The International association of this game was formed in 1932 with the name Federation International de
Basketball Association' (FIBA) in the Olympics. In India this game was introduced by YMCA College, Madras
and the first game was played in 1930. The first Indian National Championship for men was conducted in 1934
in New Delhi. The Basketball Federation of India which controls the game in India was formed in 1950.
GENERAL RULES
Basketball is a team sport. Two teams offive players each tryto score by shootinga ball through a hoop elevated
10feetabove the ground. The game is played on a rectangular floor calledthe court, andthere isa hoop ateach
end. The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line.If the offensive team puts the ball into
play behind the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If it doesn't, then the
defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line, it can no longer have
possession ofthe ball in the area in back ofthe line. Ifit does, the defense is awarded the ball. The ball is moved
down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team with the ball is called the offense. The team
without the ball is called the defense. They try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and
garner rebounds. Following are some rules in basketbal.
1. Duration of the Game: The game shall be played in 4 duration of (10-2-10-15-10-2-10) 10 minutes each
with 2 minutes rest in between. There shall be an interval of 15 minutes in half time.
2. Beginning of Game: The referee shall start the game, the game shall be started by a jump ball in the
centre circle. The referee shall make the toss between two opponents and once it begins its descent, both
players attempt to tap it. The game clock is started once the ball is tapped for the first time.
3.
TheScore:Abasket or goal scored from inside 3 points line will be awarded 2 points and beyond 3 points
line scores 3 points and a free throw scores one point.
4. Extra Time: If thescores tie or are equal at the end of 4th quarter, the game should be continued for
extra time of 5 minutes till the tie breaks.
5. 3 seconds Rule: According to this rule the player shall not remain for more than 3 seconds in opponent's
restricted area.
6. 5 seconds Rule: The player can not hold the ball for more than 5 seconds when gu:
7. 8 seconds Rule: It states that a team must cross the ball to front court within 8 seconds of gaining
control of ball.
rded.
8. 24 seconds Rule: Within 24 seconds of gaining the possession of the ball, the team has to attempt for the
goal or basket.
9. Throw in: A ball shall be dead in case of violation of the rules. The opponent team is awarded throw in
from a close point on side line or end line.
10. Time Out: Each team shall get two time-outs before interval and three time-outs after the interval. (Total
5 time-outs). The duration ofeach time out is one minute.
11. Team: Each team shall consist of not more than 12 players. Five players from each team shall be on the
court during playing time and rest are treated as substitutions. Each player shall be numbered front and
back of his/her shirt from 4 to 15 numbers.
12. Substitution: A player may be substituted by a reserve player when the ball is dead. 30 seconds time is
allowed for substitution. A substitute shall report to the official table before entering on the court.
Fouls
Following are the fouls in basketball:
1. Personal Fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.
Hitting
.Pushing

3. Slapping
Holding
llegal pick/screen-when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive player sticksout a lim
and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block the path of the defender.
Personal Foul Penalties: If a player is shooting while being a fouled, then he gets two free throws
his shot doesn't go in, but only one free throw if his shot does go in.
Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for a three-point goal and they
miss their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-point shot and makes it anyway, he is
awarded one free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.
Inbounds: Iffouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was committed upon.
They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds to pass the ball
onto the court.
One and One: If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game, then the
player who was fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is awarded
another free throw.
Ten or more Fouls: If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the fouled player
receives two free throws.
2. Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a defensive player. The
ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.
3. Blocking. Blocking is an illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing position in
time to prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.
4. Flagrant Foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and punching. This type
of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of the ball after the free throws.
5. Intentional Foul. When a player makes physical contact with another player with no reasonable effort to
steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.
6. Technical Foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does not involve player contact or the
ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even
arguing can be considered a technical foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook
improperly or dunking during warm-ups.
Violations
1. Walking/Travelling. Taking more than 'a step and a half without dribbling the ball is travelling. Moving
your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is travelling.
2. Carrying/Palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of or, sometimes,
even under the ball.
3. Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking up the
dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.
4. Held Ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at the same time.
In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball to one
team or the other on a rotating basis.
5. Goaltending. f a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down towards the basket,
while it's on the way up towards the basket after having touched the backboard, or while it's in the
cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by an offensive player, it's a
violation and the ball is awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in.
6. Backcourt Violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line, they cannot go
back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass inbounds
7. Time Restrietions. A playerpassing the ballinbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If he does not,
then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include the rule that a player cannot
have the ball for more than five secondswhen being closely guarded and, in some states and levels, shot
clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt a shot within a given time frame.

4. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
.Pivoting: It is the only legal manoeuvring a player standing and holding the ball is allowed. One foot
must be kept at its point of contact with the floor. While the other foot can step in any direction.
2.
Passing: It is the quickest way to move the ball. Passing is necessary in order to maintain good
possession of the ball. There are many kinds of passing.
a) Chest Pass: Chest pass is the most common used pass. The ball is held in both hands, the fingers
spread on the side of the ball with the thumbs behind the ball. The ball is held about chest high with
the elbows held comfortably at the sides of the body. The ball is released by extending arms fully,
Snapping the wrist and stepping in the direction of the pass. The chest pass should be received chest
high.
(6) Bounce Pass: It is a short distance pass. It is used when a player is being closely guarded. It is
executed in the same manner as the chest pass except the ball is bounced into the hands of the
receiver.
(c) Overhead Pass: This pass is used to pass over a defensive player, usually to a post player or a cutter.
The ball is held overhead with both hands, thumbs under the ball and fingers spread on the sides of
the ball. The passer steps forward towards the intended receiver and transfers the body weight to the
front foot. The arms are brought forward sharply, with a snap of the wrist releasing the ball.
3. Dribbling: With the hand cupped, the pads of the fingers control the direction of the ball, while the wrist
and fingers flexion provide the force. The ball should be pushed downward and slightly forward, with the
body in a crouched position. The opposite arm and forward foot should provide protection between the ball
and the opponent. Dribbling can be high, low, zig-zag, reverse, under the legs, etc.
(a) High Dribble: The ball should rebound at waist high and little apart from the body. The movement is
very quick and fast. The player is unguarded and free to move.
(6) Low Dribble: This is used when a player is closely guarded or is in a congested area. The ball should
rebound knee high and close to the dribbling side of the body.
4. Shooting: The main objective of the game of basketball is to score baskets. Therefore, all players should
be able to score and shoot from any angle or point.
(a) Lay-up: This is the most commonly used shot in basketball. It is used when a player receives the pass
close to the basket. It is best executed on a diagonal in relation to the basket, using the backboard.
When shooting with the right hand the take off should occur with the left foot, while the right knee
thrusts upward to achieve maximum height. At the same time, the ball is set in the shooting hand and
the left hand falls away. The shooting arm and fingers extend upward to Lay the ball against the
backboard.
5 Rebound: Rebounding is gaining possession of the ball after an unsuccessful shooting attempt. There can
be two types of rebounds (i) Offensive rebound (ii) defensive rebound.
6. Defence: This is the skill to save the goal from the opponent's attacks. There can be two types of
defensive skills-(a) Man to man defence. (b) Zonal defence.

5. SPECIFICATIONS
(i) The court Rectangular; Length
28 m; Breadth = 15 m
(ii) Boundary lines in white colour
Breadth 5 cm all lines
=
(ii) Ball
Weight of Basketball = 600-650 g
75-78 cm
Circumference
(iv) Centre circle
Radius 1.80 meters (Centre of court)
In centre of court dividing into front and back court. This line
will be outside on both sides 15 em.
(u) Centre Line
(BASE LINE)
Corners Corners
Lowwing area
Across
The 4
block
the lane
"Weak
side'
(Help side)
"Strong
side"
(Ball side) 3
2
High wing area High wing area
Elbow
Hash Free throw
marks 3-point
line
line
Halfcourt
Circle
6' Radius
outside
Comers
Comers
Best
(Halfcourt)
places
to x *
'trap
Trapping
pocket w ww
The middle of the
COurt is not a good
place fora
defense to attempt
a trap
Top of
the key
"Skip
pass"
Short
The
"Paint
area"
corner 15
area
x
(BASE LINE)
Basketball Court

6. 9
BASKETBALL
(vi) Total number of players = 12 (in each team)
Playing members 5
Substitutes 7
(vii) Height of lower edge of basket 2.90 m
from basket
=5 (Referee-3, scorer-1, Time keeper-1, 24 second rule
operator-1)
(viii) Officials
(ix) Distance between court and
3 meters
spectators
Free throw line 5.80 mn
=
3.60 m
Length of free throw line
(x) Backboard
1.05 m
Length (Vertical)D
Width (Horizontal) 1.80 m
ThicknesSs 3 cm

7. IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS
1. Olympics
3. European Cup
5. Asia Cup
2. Commonwealth Games
4. America Cup
6. Services Trophy
7. William Toad Memorial Trophy (National-Men)
8. Prince Vasalat Jha Trophy (National--Women)
9. B.C. Gupta Trophy
11. Bangalore Blues Cup
13. All India Ramu Memorial Trophy
10. Federation Cup
12. C. Munni Swami Cup
AWARDS
Arjuna Awardees
1967 Shri Khushi Ram 1968 Shri Gurdial Singh
1969 Shri Har Hari Dutt 1970 Shri Gulam Abbas Moontasir
1971 Shri Manmohan Singh
Shri Anil K. Punj
Shri T. Vijayraghvan
1973 Shri Surinder K. Kataria
1974 1975 Shri Hanuman Singh
1977 1979 Shri Om Prakash (Sr.)