Drainage System - Land Reclamation and Salt Efflorescence

1. SR.
NO.
NAME EN.NO.
1. PANDYA KHYATI 116470306053
2. BHOD AAKASH 116470306054
3. VASOYA BHARGAV
6127
PREPARED BY :
GUIDED BY :
MISS PAYAL BANSAL

2. Drainage can be surface (where water is conveyed
on the road surface and drainage channels), or
subsurface (water flows underneath the pavement
structure).
Surface and subsurface drainage of roads critically
affects their structural integrity, life and safety to
users, and is thus important during highway design
and construction .
Road designs therefore have to provide efficient
means for removal of this water; hence the need for
road drainage designs.

3. Drainage facilities are required to protect the road against
damage from surface and sub surface water. Traffic safety is also
important as poor drainage can result in dangerous conditions like
hydroplaning.
Poor drainage can also compromise the structural integrity and
life of a pavement. Drainage systems combine various natural and
man made facilities e.g. ditches, pipes, culverts, curbs to convey this
water safely.

4.  To prevent or to reduce water logging.
 To reduce salinity of soil.
 To remove excess irrigated water and storm
water.
 To ensure full circulation of air and oxygen in
land.
 To increase fertility of soil.
 For quick time of harvesting.
 To increase the temperature and reduce the
humidity so water loving insects may reduce.
 To maintain good atmospheric climatic
condition.
 To remove flood water quickly.

6.  In areas of heavy rainfall or low soil
percolation, it is necessary to employ surface
drainage systems to get rid of surplus surface
water from the land. Commonly used surface
drainage systems include shallow ditches,
open channels, grassed waterways and
sloped banks.

7. OPEN DRAIN : SURFACE DRAIN

11. Holes are
kept for
the
seepage
of water.

13. The drain are usually below the ground and in porous earthen
ware. The water table is very close.

14. By this way the tile drain is provided without affecting the plants.
The pipes are laid below the root zone of the plants and above the
water level.

18.  Uses of Sub-surface
drain :-
1.Improving the soil environment for
vegetative growth by regulating the water
table and ground water flow
Intercepting and preventing water movement
into a wet area
2. Serving as an outlet for other subsurface
drains
3. Regulating and controlling ground water for
sub-irrigated areas or waste disposal areas
4. Removing surface runoff and ponded water
around buildings, roads, airports,
recreational fields and physical improvements

20. Mole plough

21.  In the waterlogged land,
continuous upward flow of
water is established from the
water table to the ground
surface. This is so because
from the water table water
rises into the capillary zone
from where it is lost through
evaporation and transpiration
and more water is taken up
from the water table to
replenish these losses of
water. As the water rises up it
brings with it dissolved salts
such as Na2CO3, NaCl,
Na2SO4 from the underlying
layers to the surface and as

23. SALT
EFFLORESCENCE
ON LAND.
ANOTHER IMAGE
IS ALSO SHOWN.

26.  Wrong practice of Irrigation
 Increase in water table level
 Inadequate and poor drainage system
 Use of salty water for Irrigation
 Salts present in some layer of sail
 Sea water intrusion
 Increase in rate of evaporation
 Wrong method of farming
 Fictitious believe in use of more water is good
for crop
 Intensive irrigation policy

27.  The yield of the crop is reduced
 In certain cases the crop is totally failed
 The choice of crop is limited because some crops
are more sensitive to salinity
 Sometimes the fodders grown in saline soil
contain toxic salts and may be harmful to cattle.
 Since the saline soil have low water intake,
resulting in higher runoff which causes floods.
 Quality and quantity of crop is decreased
 Fertilizers may not be so effective for growth of
crop.
 Only advance method of irrigation such as drip
irrigation can be used.
 Only salt free pure water may be used which may

28.  LAND RECLAIMATION IS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH AN UNCULTURABLE LAND IS MADE FIT
FOR CULTIVATON.

29. LAND RECLAIMATION IS DONE ON THIS LAND

30. LAND MADE CULTUREABLE

31. THE SALTED LAND IS REMOVED OFF UPTO SOME LEVE AND THE SALT
RESISTANT CROP ARE GROWN .THIS PROCESS IS CALLED
LEACHING.

32.  CROP ROTATION :
 It is noted that crop rotation may reduce the
salinity of the land.
 CHEMICAL METHOD :
 Gypsum, Sulphuric acid, iron sulphate, lime
stone, ferrous sulphate, nitric acid are the
common chemical used for leaching process.
Gypsum is widely used because of the low
cost and availability.

33. OTHER METHOD OR STEPS
WHICH HELPS IN LAND
RECLAMATION ARE
Use of Tile drainage and surface
drainage
Advance method of irrigation
Electro dialysis
Use of compost fertilizer