Here is detailed view on fumigation, their types and methods. Equipments needed during the process is also dealt here. Aeration is essential after a commodity or a place is being fumigated. Some lists of fumigants are also discussed here. we also have to know why we are practicing fumigation?

1. Presented by
V. Priyadharshini
I Ph.D. Scholar
FUMIGATION

2. ❑ A pest control solution that features the use of fumigants to exterminate pests within
an enclosed space (https://www.rentokil.com/pest-control-services/fumigation/).
❑ Fumigation is the process by which a lethal chemical is released into an enclosed area
to eliminate an infestation of pests (https://homeguides.sfgate.com/what-is-
fumigation-13419242.html).
❑ Fumigation is executed, by suffocating or poisoning pest, within an area of specified
space by using fumigants (https://howtoexportimport.com/What-is-Fumigation-in-
Export-and-Import-219.aspx).
❑ A gas with pesticide activity
FUMIGATION???

3. ✓ Fumigation - major role in control of stored grain pests - unique
characteristics & great adaptability of the fumigation techniques.
✓ Fumigants - effective, economical management where other forms of pest
management – not feasible.
✓ Stored products require an ideal fumigant to be applied as a gas and
achieve penetration within the grain mass.
NEED FOR FUMIGATION

4. TYPES OF FUMIGATION
(https://www.markspestcontrol.com.au/fumigation-melbourne/)

5. 1. Gas fumigation:
✓ Fumigants - gaseous states for pest control.
✓ Gas fumigation - enclosing a space with a gas-proof covering (space fumigation),
ensures toxic fumigants are not dispersed to the external environment (Kriegar and
Sullivan, 2001).
✓ Methyl bromide - rodents, termites, insects, nematodes and weeds.
✓ Sulfuryl fluoride - pests in cereal grains, tree nuts and dry fruits.
✓ Gas fumigation must only be attempted after an area is cleared of humans and
animals.

6. 2. Solid fumigation:
✓ Solid fumigants - insect control.
✓ Solid fumigation - tablets, powders or pellets (Ghosh, 1989).
✓ According to the Wood Center, solid fumigants - easier to use and safer than gaseous
fumigants and are less harmful to the environment.
✓ According to the USDA, solid fumigants -numerous health concerns.
✓ Aluminium phosphide - all stages insect - pest control in flour, tea, doffer, cotton and
grain.
✓ Calcium cyanide - reacts with water vapor to form hydrogen cyanide. It effectively
eliminates a wide range of pests.

7. 3. Liquid fumigation:
✓ Liquid fumigants - mold, pests and insects.
✓ Liquid fumigation - sprayers, which disperse large quantities of liquid over a desired
area. Most liquid fumigants are toxic to humans, flammable and volatile.
✓ Liquid fumigation acts faster than solid fumigation. Liquid fumigation is safest when
performed outdoors or within an enclosed fumigation chamber (Gibb and Osteo, 2006).
✓ Eg: carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, sulfuryl fluoride,
ethylene dichloride and methyl bromide.

8. 1) Vault Fumigation – uses atmospheric or vacuum chambers to treat infested
commodities. (Vaults : trucks, boxcars, ship holds, warehouses, and other structures).
2) Fumigation by sealing – Places items under a tarp. Fumigant is released beneath the
tarp and held until pest control is complete.
3) Spot (Local) Fumigation – used to treat small items or areas with light to moderate
infestations. Spot fumigation is also used routinely to prevent infestations from
developing or recurring.
METHODS OF
FUMIGATION

9. 1) Vault fumigation:
1.1. Fumigation in atmospheric chambers:
✓ A low-cost atmospheric chamber using a gastight room under normal air pressure
with an appropriate door.
✓ Tools to apply, distribute, and remove the gas.
✓ Heating- Steam pipes are best (70°F ).
✓ Also, be sure to minimize hazards to workers and the environment.
✓ Atmospheric chambers should not be connected to other structures where fumigant
passage may occur.

10. 1.2. Fumigation in vacuum chambers:
❑ Vacuum chambers - large, steel structures. Treatment in “vacuum” rather than at
atmospheric pressure. In a vacuum, air pressure is lower. This does two things.
✓ It denies oxygen to the pest. Pests become stressed and are easier to kill.
✓ The vacuum helps the fumigant penetrate the commodity. This may reduce
fumigation time from 24 hours to 4 1/2 hours depending on the fumigant used.
❑ In addition, by adding an “air-wash cycle” (breaking the vacuum and drawing a
second vacuum), aeration after treatment is also fast. Some fumigants (such as
phosphine) explode under vacuum conditions.
❑ Vacuum fumigation is used to treat densely packed items and other materials that
are difficult to penetrate at atmospheric pressure.

11. There are two main ways to conduct vacuum fumigation:
1. Sustained-vacuum fumigation: Reduce the pressure inside the chamber and
introduce the fumigant. The slightly reduced pressure (vacuum) is held until the end
of the treatment.
2. Restored-pressure method: Lower the pressure, introduce the fumigant, and then
restore the pressure in one of four ways.

12. a) Gradual Restoration – Release the fumigant and then slowly introduce air until the
air pressure returns to normal. This usually takes two to three hours.
b) Delayed Restoration – Hold the vacuum for about 45 minutes following discharge of
the fumigant. Then, allow air to rapidly enter the chamber.
c) Immediate Restoration – Just after releasing the fumigant, rapidly let air into the
chamber by opening one or more valves.
d) Simultaneous Introduction of Air and Fumigant – Use special metering equipment
to release a mixture of air and fumigant into the chamber.

13. A portable vaccum chamber consists of:
• A vacuum such as a “shop vac” or other high-capacity vacuum cleaner
• Two pieces of heavy-duty vinyl sheeting that you can clamp or zip together (similar to
food storage bags)
• Fumigation dispensers
• Connecting hoses
• A security lock
• A gas concentration monitoring valve
• A carrying case, and
• A gas discharge standpipe
Portable systems allow you to develop a vacuum between the layers of vinyl. The
vacuum pulls the vinyl tight around the commodity. Once the vacuum reaches the
optimal level, you can apply the fumigant.

14. Aeration of Fumigation Chambers
1. Indoor: Install intake and exhaust pipes for safe aeration. These pipes lead to the outside. The
intake pipe - draw fresh air in while blowing fumigant-treated air outside. Turn on air circulation
equipment in the chamber to exchange air between the chamber and the outside.
2. Outdoor: Aeration is straightforward. Simply open the door slightly and turn on the blower. Be
sure to properly open the door so it does not accidentally close.

15. 2) Fumigation by Sealing
1.“Tape and seal” fumigation
2. Tarpaulin fumigation
Turning an entire structure – warehouse, boxcar – into a temporary fumigation chamber.
Fumigation by sealing accomplishes this by working only with buildings that are in
good repair. Workers find and seal all leaky spots with fumigation tape. Structural
fumigation by tarping creates an airtight environment by placing a tent over the entire
structure.

16. 1. Tape and seal fumigation
(A) Silos and Grain Bins:
✓ When sealing grain bins and silos for fumigation. Proper sealing - success and
failure of a treatment. These include along walls, roof-wall junctures, seams, roof
ventilators, bin doors, aeration fans, and through other gaps. When sealing these
gaps with fumigation tape, it is often helpful to apply tape primer first (adhere
better).
✓ Unlike other types of grain storage structures, wooden bins are often too leaky for
tape-and-seal fumigation. Wooden bins may have to be tarped to retain enough gas
for the treatment to be effective.

17. ✓ Once a grain bin or silo is sealed, release your fumigant. Some fumigants are
heavier than air and so require special recirculating equipment (blowers) to
adequately distribute them throughout a grain mass. First, turn them on to
establish airflow. Then, introduce the fumigant on the high-pressure side of the
blowers. Run the recirculating system until the fumigant is thoroughly distributed.
✓ These devices regulate the temperature and moisture content of the grain. During
fumigation, you can use them to distribute fumigants throughout the grain mass.
Other storage structures may not have such sophisticated systems.

18. (B) Warehouse:
✓ Start by sealing the structure as tightly as possible.
✓ Polyethylene sheets should be 2 to 4 mils thick. This thickness will cling to the
building better than thicker material.
✓ Use fumigation tape to seal small cracks and holes.
✓ Check for leaks.
✓ Set up monitoring equipment before releasing the fumigant.
✓Choose a commodity container far from the fumigant release site. Then insert a
metal tube into the container. Attach a plastic tube to the metal tube. Run the plastic
tube outside of the building. Take gas readings with a detector specific to the
fumigant you are using

19. ✓ Gas concentrations are measured in parts per million (ppm). If the concentration of
gas is the right ppm at the end of the exposure period, all pests should be dead.
Treatment is complete.
✓ Read the label information of each product you use to determine the dosage and
exposure times.

20. (C) Wheeled Carriers:
✓Use fumigation tape, liquid adhesive, or caulking to seal any gaps. Secure a precut,
two or four mil polyethylene sheet over the entire door. Compute the volume of the
container to determine the dosage.
✓Apply the fumigant. Every product is different. Read the label information to
determine how to apply the product you are using. Next, cover the last door with
polyethylene before closing and sealing it with fumigation tape.
✓Place a warning sign on each door. (date and time of fumigation and the name,
address, and telephone number of the applicator).

21. (D) Ship Fumigation:
✓ Ship fumigation treats goods while they are still on board. This avoids extra
loading and unloading. This is particularly important for products arriving from
overseas. Ship fumigation involves many people. Close cooperation with the
responsible ship officer, ship agent, USDA, and Coast Guard inspector (if involved) is
essential. You may also need to notify the Port Authority and the local fire and police
departments.
✓ Shipboard fumigation is highly specialized. The problems encountered and
techniques used in ship fumigation are unique. In many cases, you may want to hire a
company that specializes in ship fumigation.

22. 2. Tarpaulin Fumigation
Tarpaulin fumigation treats single items or entire structures. It works by placing a
semipermeable material over an infested item or structure, sealing the edges, and then
releasing fumigant beneath the tarp.

23. Types of Tarpaulins
Impreganted Nylon
1. Resist ripping & reusable.
2. Clamp/ tape together many
sections.
3. Expensive
4. Heavier
Polyethylene sheets
1. 3 mil thickness or less - indoor.
2. 3 mil thickness – preferred often as
it is less expensive to nylon tarps.
3. 4 & 6 mil thickness – outdoor.
4. Easy disposable.

24. Indoors:
✓ Tarpaulin fumigation is easiest and most effective indoors.
✓ Protection from wind and rain is critical.
✓ Post warning signs and monitor the area regularly.
Outdoors:
Outdoor tarp – stronger and durable (PE sheets : 4 – 6 mil thickness).
1. Clear polyethylene - brittle from UV rays of the sun. Rays of sunlight can concentrate
through water drops on clear tarps and cause fires.

25. 2. Black polyethylene – resistant to sunlight, and it is not transparent. If the tarp spans
several stacks, it may conceal gaps between the stacks or other voids. Persons working
on top of the tarp must be careful not to fall through.
Challenges:
✓ Difficult to obtain a good ground seal outdoors.
✓ Sand and water snakes are often less effective because the ground is usually porous
and uneven. Instead, place a layer of loose sand on the tarp skirt to obtain a good seal.

26. Ground Seals:
In addition to proper tarp selection, also consider the type of ground seal you will need.
✓ Smooth, concrete and asphalt surfaces - Base for a good ground seal.
✓ Wood/ Soil surfaces - Do not.
With wood, and frequently with soil surfaces, it is necessary to place a section of
the tarp beneath the item to be fumigated as well as over the top of the item. Otherwise,
gas may escape through the wood or soil. There are several ways to obtain a good
ground seal.
1. Cover the infested item allowing at least 18 inches of tarp to skirt out from the base.
2. Then, lay loose sand, sand snakes, or water snakes to hold the skirt to the ground

27. 3. Snakes are tubes of cloth or plastic filled about three-fourths full with sand, gravel, or
water. All types of snakes should overlap each other about 1 1/2 feet.
4. Sometimes you can attach adhesive fumigation tape directly to the floor. However,
you will still need sand, gravel, or water snakes to prevent the tarp from blowing off
during treatment.
5. Occasionally, you may need to treat an item that is too close to a wall to obtain a good
ground seal. In this case, move the item and seal the tarp properly to the floor.

28. Tarpaulin Aeration
✓Place a blower on one end of the load. Make an opening on the opposite end by
lifting the tarp. Then turn on the blower and discharge the fumigant.
✓If you choose not to use a blower or cross ventilation, aerate the item or area by
lifting the tarp at the corners. Then, slowly raise the sides until the tarp is
completely removed.
✓ If aeration occurs outside and there is a breeze, pay attention to which way the
breeze is blowing. Always lift the end or side of the tarp opposite the direction of
wind movement.

29. 3. Spot (Local) Fumigation
Spot fumigation is the short-term treatment of machinery and small
storages with toxic gases. Spot treatments work by interrupting the life
cycles of insect pests. Use spot fumigation to control stored product pests in:
❑ Bins, silos, and holding tanks
❑ Elevator boots and heads
❑ Filters
❑ Conveyors
❑ Spouting
❑ Purifiers
❑ Food processing equipment
❑ Sifters, rollers, and dusters, and
❑ Related equipment in mills, food
and feed processing plants,
breweries, and similar industries

30. ✓ Before treatment, run the machinery to empty the process stream. In mills, turn
off the feed and allow the mill to run for 30 to 45 minutes. During this period, use
rubber mallets to tap on the spouting, elevator legs, and sifters. This will help to loosen
product that is trapped inside. Check outlet channels in the sifters to be sure they are
not blocked or choked.
✓ Next, seal the equipment - prevent fumigant from escaping. Close dust collector
and filter vents to keep the fumigant within the machinery. . Thermal currents and
drafts can cause a spot fumigation to fail. Gas may escape before reaching a lethal
concentration within the machinery.

31. Aeration After Spot Fumigation
✓ Turning on ventilators and opening doors and windows in the treated area(s).
Remove covers from bins, vessels, and other equipment. Turn on dust collector fans.
✓ Aeration after spot fumigation is generally complete in less than one hour.
✓ Always check gas levels with an approved gas detector before reentry.

33. (DPPQ&S , 2017)

34. (https://safetyculture.com/topics/ppe-safety/)

35. FUMI CELL
BAG
PELLET
DISPENSER
FUMI DISC WIRE BASKET
J- SHAPED FAN
DISPOSAL DRUM RAILCAR HATCH AERATION SCREEN
GAS DETECTER
EQUIPMENTS
(https://indfumco.com/products-labels/products/fumigant-application-

36. Phosphine gas is colorless and highly toxic to all stages of insect and animal life. It has a
distinct garlic or carbide odour (AlP & MgP).
Formulations:
Gas bag : 34 g 11 g
Tablets : 3 g 1 g
Pellets : 0.6g 0.2 g
Pellet
Tablet
Gas bag
PHOSPHINE

37. Dosage guidelines of alp
Reason:
✓ Aluminum phosphide - a key status in the International market.
✓ India is entirely dependent on phosphine as the fumigant for
disinfesting grain stacks - low-priced, easy to apply and does not affect
the quality even after repeated applications.
Product No. per 1000 Cu.ft. No. per 1000 bu.
Gas bag 13 16
Tablets 145 180
Pellets 725 900

38. ✓Calculate the cubic volume of space to treat. Then, count out the required number of
pellets, tablets, or bags.
✓Always wear gloves when handling phosphide tablets or pellets.
✓Place the pellets, tablets, or bags onto a tray or sheet of cardboard. Slip the tray under
the fumigation tarp or inside the fumigation chamber or structure.
✓The moisture in the air will liberate phosphine in about one day, depending on the
temperature and humidity.
Exposure:
12 – 48 hours. If gas concentrations are lower than required after 72 hours, extend
the fumigation period.

39. ✓ Magnesium phosphide releases phosphine faster than does aluminum phosphide.
Hence, recommended for fumigation in cool and/or dry conditions.
✓ Phosphine is not effective at temperatures below 40°F.
Detection:
Glass detector tubes
✓ 0.1 – 40 ppm
✓ 50 – 2000 ppm

40. (Chadda et al., 2016)

41. 1. Farm bin
✓Surface application.
✓Tablet and pellets probed into grain using 5 – 7 ft PVC pipe
(20-50 tablets, 100-250 pellets).
2. Flat storages
✓Surface application.
✓Probes inserted vertically at intervals along the length and width of flat storage.
✓Place 25 % dose in the floor level aeration ducts.
3. Vertical storages
✓ Hand or automatic dispenser of pellets or tablets on the headhouse or gallery belt.
✓Bins requiring more than 24 hrs to fill - probing or surface fumigation.

42. 4. Mills, food processing plants and warehouses
✓Place trays or sheets of kraft paper or foil up to 12 sq.ft in area on floor throughout the
structure.
✓Spread weevil-cide on the sheets at a density of no greater than 30 tablets or 150 pellets
or 3 gas bags per sq.ft.
5. Railcars, containers, trucks, vans and other transport vehicles
✓Gas bags attached to walls or other support.
✓Tape across the gas bag end only (disc or board).

43. 6. Tarpaulin and Bunker fumigation
✓Applied to tarped stacks or bunker storage of bulk commodity through slits in poly
covering.
✓Slits sealed properly.
FORMULA:
Amount of fumigant (g) = Vol. of . Chamber (ft³) × Dosage (g/ft³)
% fumigation release × 1000

44. BRAND NAMES OF PHOSPHINE
Quickphos, Celphos, Fostox, Fumitoxin, Phostek, Phostoxin, Talunex, Fieldphos
& Weevil-Cide.

45. ✓ Methyl bromide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and has settling out in low
places. Fans are needed to no irritating qualities to indicate its presence.
✓ The gas is 3.3 times heavier than air and tends to settling out in lower places.
✓ Fans – ensure thorough mixing of MBr.
Formulations:
✓Methyl bromide - compressed liquid in 1 1/2-pound cans or in cylinders containing up
to 200 lbs.
✓MBr + Chloropicrin; avoid using chloropicrin on food or stored commodities.
METHYL BROMIDE

46. Applications:
✓Small cans of methyl bromide- small jobs. A special apparatus - punctures the can, and
polyethylene tubing transfers the gas from the can into the fumigation enclosure.
✓For larger jobs - use cylinders. First, attach 1/4-inch copper tubing to the cylinder
using a gastight fitting. Then, form the tubing into a 25-foot coil and immerse it in
water heated to 150°F. The tubing from the heater to the fumigation chamber should be
either copper or polyethylene.
Methyl bromide works quickly. Exposure times of 24 hours or less are normal.
Methyl bromide liquid vaporizes into gas at temperatures above 39°F. For this reason,
do not use methyl bromide when the temperature in the fumigation area is below 40°F.

47. Detection:
✓ Halide gas detectors,
✓ Color diffusion detector tubes
✓ Thermal conductivity analyzers (TCAs)
HALIDE GAS
DETECTOR
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
ANALYZER
COLOR DIFFUSION
TUBES

48. Sulfuryl fluoride (ProFume®) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless toxic gas. It is
heavier than air and tends to initially settle in low areas.
Formulations:
Gas containers
Applications:
✓ Introduce sulfuryl fluoride from the outside through tubes.
✓ Use polyethylene, polypropylene, or strong nylon tubing with an internal
diameter of 1/8 to 1/4 inch.
SULFURYL FLUORIDE

49. ✓ The tubing should have a minimum burst pressure of 500 pounds per square inch
(PSI).
✓ The rate of fumigant released through larger tubing would be too great for good gas
distribution. Place fans throughout the fumigation area.
✓ Run the fans during introduction and for at least 60 minutes afterward.
✓ Do not use sulfuryl fluoride at temperatures below 40°F.
✓ To prevent damage, do not apply sulfuryl fluoride directly to any surface.
Detector:
Thermal conductivity detector (Fumiscope)

50. (Rajendran, 2016)

51. ✓ Fumigation – An effective management against stored product pests.
✓The condition of the fumigation sheet/cover, sealing standards and the type of floor
surface determine the fumigants levels maintained during the exposure period and
thereby helps in the management of insects.
✓ Gas monitoring is important during fumigation to predict its success and to
supplement dosage or to extend the exposure period, if necessary.
CONCLUSION