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bioconversion of paper and tannery effluents
- 1. BIOCONVERSION OF PAPER, PULP AND TANNERY EFFLUENTS Done by, P. MEENALOKSHINI II M.Sc Biochemistry
- 3. Steps involved in pulp and papermaking are: • Raw material- cleaning & pieces. • Separation of cellulose fibers from lignin & hemicellulose – pulping. Types- kraft ( NaOH NaSO4 ) & sulphite pulping ( sulphuric acid & Bisulphite ions ).
- 4. Google book
- 5. Google book
- 6. • Bleaching ( chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, ozone etc) – remove residual lignin to make it white. http://2014.igem.org
- 8. Pollutants from various sources of pulp and paper making Wood preparation Suspended solids, BOD, dirt, grit, fibers etc. Digester house Resins, fatty acids, color, BOD, COD, AOX, VOCs Pulp washing High pH, BOD, COD, suspended solids, dark brown color Pulp bleaching Dissolved lignin, carbohydrates, color, COD, AOX, inorganic chlorine compounds, VOCs Paper making Organic compounds, inorganic dyes, COD, acetone etc.
- 9. Treatment technologies Internal treatment The principle objective of internal treatment are: reducing waste water volume, reducing consumption of energy, reducing the generation of various chemicals and solid wastes, inhibiting or eliminating the formation of toxic compounds. External treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment
- 10. Google book
- 11. Bioconversion of paper waste into wormcast • Combined action of microorganism with detritivorous activity of earthworms promotes bioconversion. • Eisenia andrei • Pretreated paper mill sludges was turned mannually for 10 days. • Homogenized- air dried at room temperature.
- 12. Bioconversion of paper waste into lactic acid and ethanol • Effluents – acid hydrolysis- 30% sulphuric acid and neutralized with NaOH . Inoculated with saccharomyces cerevisiae – kept in shaker incubator(R T). Samples are removed periodically for 3,5 & 8days intervals. • Alcohol estimation- cerric ammonium nitrate method. • Lactic acid estimation- modified para hydroxy diphenyl method.
- 13. Google book
- 14. Tannery industry • Tanning is the process that converts a part of a once living animal( skins) into a non-rotting, soft and durable textiles called leather.
- 15. Leather process Chemicals used Curing & preservation Sodium chloride, pentachlorophenol Soaking, liming & unhiring Sodium sulphide, caustic soda, surfactants, milk of lime Deliming Ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate Degreasing Alkyl phenyl ethoxylate Pre tanning Basic chrome sulphate Tanning/ retanning Mineral tannages/ retannages Fat liquoring Synthetic liqour, surfactants Finishing Cadmium, lead chrome, nitrocellulose, water proofing agents.
- 16. Tannery wastewater are characterized by DISCONTINUITY (LARGE FLOW VARIATIONS DURING THE DAY) HIGH ORGANIC POLLUTANT LOAD (BOD, COD) HIGH CONTENT SOLID SUBSTANCES (SETTELABLE AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS) PRESENCE OF TOXIC SUSTANCES (SULPHIDES, AMMONIA AND CHROME)
- 17. Vermicomposting of solid wastes from leather industries • Eisenia foetida is used. • Mixture turned over for 15days after which earthworms are introduced. • Kept in dark. • Collected.
- 18. Bioconversion of chromium and pentachlorophenol in tannery effluents by microorganisms • Biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger and degradation of pentachlorophenol by acinetobacter sp. • Through this process ‘tanning cake’ was prepared which is better substitute of raw chromium used for tanning in leather mills.
- 19. Role of microorganisms in bioconversion • Microbial biotransformation- transformation of organic compound by microbes. • These microbes- provides-enzymes. • Microbes-high rate of metabolism- transformation of added substrate. • Microbes-high growth rate. • Microbes- high surface volume ratio.
- 20. Thank you