Weed flora and its management in fodder crops-Pijush Kanti Mukherjee

1. Weed flora and its management in fodder crops
Dr Pijush Kanti Mukherjee, Principal Scientist, Division of Extension Education, ICAR-IVRI
Dr Putan Singh, Principal Scientist, Farm Co-ordinator, ICAR-IVRI
Dr Sobha Sondhia, Principal Scientist (Residue Chemistry) from ICAR-Directorate of Weed
Research (ICAR-DWR), Maharajpur, Jabalpur, MP
Mr R L Sagar, In-charge, Farm Section (T9), ICAR-DWR
Study period: August 2015 to July 2017

2. • Weed Survey and Surveillance
• Herbicide residue (Atrazine) in green fodder (Maize and Sorghum)
• Weed management in fodder crops through crop husbandry and
cultural practices and economics of production system
Objectives

3. Total number of individual of weed species in all quadrates
Absolute density (D) = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of quadrates employed
Absolute density for a given species
Relative density (RD) = --------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Total absolute density for all species
Quadrates in which species occurs
Absolute (F%) frequency = ----------------------------------------------------- X 100
Total number of quadrates employed
Absolute frequency value for a species
Relative frequency (RF) = --------------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Total of absolute frequency value for all species
Importance value (I.V.) = Relative density + Relative frequency
Importance value
Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) = ---------------------------------------
2
Raju, R.A. (1997). Field manual for weed
ecology and herbicide research. Agrotech
Publishing Academy, Udaipur p 78.

4. 15
T T
09
10
14T
04
Distribution of Trianthema
within fodder farm
17

5. Each Trianthema flower can
produce 8 to 12 seeds and one
mature Trianthema plant under
crop field condition can produce
28 to 42 flowers altogether can
produce total 224 to 504 seeds.
The plant can set seeds
within 5 to 7 days after
flowering i.e within one
month after emergence
The plant produces
flower within 18 to
22 after emergence
Seeds take 6 to
17 days for
germination in
moist condition
The plant produces flower
within 14-16 after regrowth
Regrowth from
fragmented plant parts
Fragmented plant parts after
tillage operation

6. • It has the capacity to multiply through vegetative means (High regeneration capacity)
Fine lateral roots
are coming out
Fragmented plant parts put forth new
growth and it flowers within 12 to 14 days
New flush of
leave in
fragmented
plant parts

7. 2 to 3 % of the total
current seeds
germinate within 6
days after starting of
imbibition, majority of
the seeds germinate
within 17 to 20 days
after imbibition and
remaining seeds
germinate afterwards.
In field condition initially a
few seeds germinate after pre-
sowing irrigation and reach to
the flowering and seed setting
stage when majority of the
seeds start to germinate.

8. Length of the
coleoptile is 2.2
cm which
means seeds
reside within
2.2 cm depth of
soil can
germinate and
emerge over the
soil surface
Wide range of
adaptation

9. Biological stress
Insect voraciously feeds Trianthema leave. High feeding activity was observed in high humid condition with
rainfall. Dense foliage coverage develops high humidity in micro-climate leading to high feeding activity of insect.
The natural infection on leave of Trianthema sp. identified as leaf spot disease has occurred in high
humid condition with rainfall.

10. • High soil moisture and submerged condition

11. • Growing of fast growing competitive crops like cowpea, green manuring crops like
Sesbania (Dhaincha) and Crotalaria (Sannhemp)
Cowpea compete successfully with Trianthema and showed good smothering effect on the weed
Weakness
Maize+Cowpea mixed cropping

12. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Absolute Density and Absolute
Frequency (%) at 15 DAS
Absolute Density
Absolute Frequency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Absolute Density and Absolute
Frequency (%) at 25 DAS
Absolute Density
Absolute Frequency
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Absolute Density and Absolute
Frequency (%) at 35 DAS
Absolute Density
Absolute Frequency

13. Complementary effect of
cowpea on maize
Competitive
effect of
Cowpea on
maize
Supplementary effect of cowpea
67
54
42
55 DAS 65 DAS 72 DAS
Green fodder yield (tonnes/ha)

14. No new growth from
the fragmented plant
parts was observed
10 days old Trianthema plant
Incorporation of Trianthema at
early stage (10 days old plant)
hampers its regeneration capacity
by vegetative means
Sensitivity to the action of herbicide

15. 09
Distribution of Celosia argentea
within fodder farm

16. Celosia argentea is an associated weed of
fodder sorghum as it prefers to grow well
within the canopy of sorghum.
Healthy mature plant of Celosia
argentea can produce 12 to 19
flowers and each flower can
produce 143 to 184 seeds,
altogether can produce 1,716 to
3,496 seeds when associated with
sorghum.

17. No. 9 Tube well
No. 9 Tube well
New CARI Building
New CARI Building
Library road
Library road
Celosia argentea
was associated
with fodder
sorghum and
turning the land
to cowpea
reduced
population and
seed production
capacity of this
weed

18. Both prostrate and trailing
growth habit of cowpea
seriously interfere with growth
and seed production of weeds

19. No current seed
germination
was recorded
after 20 days of
imbibition.
7.1875
100
1.4375
31.25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Absolute Density Absolute Frequency
Distribution of Celosia argentea in sorghum
and cowpea
Sorghum
Cowpea
Celosia argentea produced 2 to 5
flowers and each flower produced
78 to 116 seeds, altogether can
produce 156 to 580 seeds when
the weed was associated with
cowpea.
368
2606
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cowpea Sorghum
Average seed production capacity of Celosia
argentea
Average seed
production per plant

20. 09
10
T03
19
05
Distribution of Coccinia grandis
within fodder farm

21. One mature Coccinia grandis
plant can produce 18 to 27
fruits and each fruit can
produce 136 to 164 seeds
altogether can produce total
2934 to 4428 seeds.

22. Strong character: Numerous seed production
Major weakness:. It has been observed that berseem cultivation during winter
season under puddled condition reduced infestation of Coccinia grandis in
summer and kharif fodder crops. This indicates that puddling operation has
influence in destroying germination capacity of the seeds and thus reducing seed
bank potential of Coccinia grandis.
42
3
Oat-Maize Berseem-Maize
Absolute density of Coccinia grandis
Absolute density
100
25
Oat-Maize Berseem-Maize
Absolute frequency of Coccinia
grandis
Absolute frequency

23. 10
05
08
07
Distribution of Cleome viscosa
within fodder farm

24. Single pod of Cleome viscosa can produce 84 to
117 seeds and one mature Cleome viscosa plant
can produce 8 to 15 pods altogether can produce
672 to 1755.
13

25. 19
07
0818
Cyperus esculentus
and Cyperus iria
Cyperus rotundus
Grasses (Eleusine
indica, Echinochloa
colona, Digitaria sp.
Amaranthus viridis
03
Brachiaria ramosa
Distribution of other
broadleaved weeds, grasses and
sedges within the fodder farm
03

26. Endozoochory
dissemination
6
Trianthema sp.,
Coccinia grandis
and Cleome viscosa

27. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
February March April May June July August September October November
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%)-2015
Trianthema sp.
Coccinia grandis
Celosia argentea
Amaranthus viridis
Cleome viscosa
Grasses
Sedges
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
February March April May June July August September October November
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%)-2016
Trianthema sp.
Coccinia grandis
Celosia argentea
Amaranthus viridis
Cleome viscosa
Grasses
Sedges

28. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency of Trianthema
2015
2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency of grasses
2015
2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency of Coccinia grandis
2015
2016
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency of Celosia argentea
2015
2016

29. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
November December January February
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%) of Coronopus
dedymus
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
November December January February
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%) of Rumex
dentatus
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17

30. 37.04
20.48
11.76
19.64
8.28
5
8.57
4.2 2.6
N-14 N-15 N-16 D-14 D-15 D-16 J-15 J-16 J-17
Absolute Density of Coronopus
didymus
N-14 N-15 N-16 D-14 D-15 D-16 J-15 J-16 J-17
100
64
48
78.57
36
28
57.14
28
16
N-14 N-15 N-16 D-14 D-15 D-16 J-15 J-16 J-17
Absolute Frequency of Coronopus
didymus
N-14 N-15 N-16 D-14 D-15 D-16 J-15 J-16 J-17

31. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
November December January February
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%) of
Cichorum intybus
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
November December January February
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%) of Poa
annua
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
November December January February
AbsoluteFrequency
Absolute Frequency (%) of Spilanthes
sp.
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17

32. Enforced dormancy
Soil surface
Turning the soil up to 15 to
20 cm depth leading to
breaking dormancy of
previous season seeds and
imposing enforced
dormancy of current season
seeds.
11 cm
15 cm
2-3 cm depth
12 cm
18 cm
20 cm
Tillage/Intensive tillage
From 10 samples points, an average
population of 3.9 i.e 4 earthworm got
affected due to tillage operation in
0.25 m2 area.

33. Total no. of sample:8
Area: 50 cm X 50 cm Depth: 20 cm
Maximum no. of earthworm: 09
Minimum of earthworm: 05
Average no. of earthworm:06 in 0.25 m2 area
Earthworm population in the field grown with fodder cowpea

34. Total no. of sample:8
Area: 50 cm X 50 cm Depth: 20 cm
Maximum no. of earthworm: 05
Minimum of earthworm: 01
Average no. of earthworm: 2.25 in 0.25 m2 area 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cowpea Sorghum
Earthworm population
Earthworm
population
Earthworm population in the field grown with fodder sorghum

35. Techniques/Methodology: The experiment will be comprised by following treatments.
T1- Atrazine 0.50 kg/ha as pre-emergence
T2- Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence
T3- Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as pre-emergence
T4- Atrazine 0.50 kg/ha as post-emergence
T5- Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha as post-emergence
T6- Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha as post-emergence
T7- Atrazine 2.0 kg/ha as post-emergence
T8- Weedy Check (no herbicide application)
T9- Weed-free treatment (no herbicide application)
Design of the experiment: RBD Replication: 3
Crop: Maize and sorghum
Herbicide residue for the green plant sample will be analysed at 35 DAS (days after sowing)
and 50 DAS.
Information to be generated:
• Weed control efficiency.
• Weed index value.
• Weed dynamics.
• Phytotoxicity of herbicide on crop plant (if any).
• Herbicide residue content in green fodder.
• Economics of weed management practices.
Study on bio-efficacy of atrazine in green fodder maize and sorghum and atrazine
residue content in green fodder maize and sorghum.
39

36. Bio-efficacy of atrazine in double cut fodder sorghum

37. Trial after 1st cut of fodder sorghum

38. Residue content in green fodder sorghum
Treatment as pre-
emergence
Residue content at 38 days after application
Atrazine 0.50 kg/ha
Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha
Atrazine 1.00 kg/ha
Atrazine 2.00 kg/ha
0.1296 µg/g
0.2118 µg/g
0.5445 µg/g
0.8109 µg/g
0.1296 mg/kg
0.2118 mg/kg
0.5445 mg/kg
0.8109 mg/kg
0.1296 g/tonne
0.2118 g/tonne
0.5445 g/tonne
0.8109 g/tonne
0.1296 ppm
0.2118 ppm
0.5445 ppm
0.8109 ppm
MRL-Maximum Residue Limit
Authority MRL in ppm
Crops and
Commodities
 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) 0.25/Simazine Sugarcane
 WHO 0.002/Atrazine Water
 United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) 0.003/Atrazine Water
 The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export 0.10/Atrazine Fruits
Development Authority (APEDA)
 Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation 0.02/Atrazine Mango

39. 39.8
42.2 42.6 44.5
37.6
41.6 41.9
44.1 44.6
36.6
26.8 27.9 28.4 29.1
25.3 26.5 27.9 29 29.6
25
66.6
70.1 71
73.6
62.9
68.1 69.8
73.1 74.2
61.6
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Weed-free
treatment
Weedy check
treatment
Green biomass yield of fodder sorghum (double cut)
Yield (tonnes/ha) after 1st cut Yield (tonnes/ha) after 2nd cut Total yield (tonnes/ha)

40. Economics of sorghum (double cut) green fodder production
Common Cost of cultivation per hectare for 1st cutting: Rs. 16426/-
• Field preparation (tillage, cost of hiring tractor, field layout, cost of diesel,
skilled labour ): Rs. 4101/-
• Cost of seed (30 kg/ha) and sowing operation: Rs. 1968/-
• Cost of fertilizer ( NPK ratio12:32:16 and Urea/Dose 60:40:20) and fertilizer
application : Rs. 3395/-
• Cost of irrigation (3 irrigations): Rs. 4370/-
• Cost of harvesting operation: Rs. 2592/-
Additional Common Cost of cultivation per hectare for 2nd cutting: Rs. 2020/-
• Cost of irrigation (one): Rs. 1457/-
• Cost of fertilizer ( Urea) and fertilizer application: Rs. 563/-
Total common cost of cultivation for two cuttings per hectare: Rs. 18446/-
 Transportation and cost of chap cutting: Rs. 200/tonne
 Selling price of green fodder Rs. 175/quintal

41. Treatmen
t
Common Cost
(Rs.)/ha
Green fodder
yield (tonne/ha)
Net return
(Rs.)/ha
Net return per
rupee invested
Transportation
and chap cutting
cost (Rs.)
Net return
(Rs.)/rupee
invested
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
1st
cutting
Two
cuttings
Atrazine
0.50 kg/ha
(pre)
16426 18446 39.8 66.6 52954 97834 3.17 5.23 7960 13320 1.82 2.64
Atrazine
0.75 kg/ha
(pre)
16426 18446 42.2 70.1 57072 103877 3.40 5.53 8440 14020 1.93 2.74
Atrazine
1.00 kg/ha
(pre)
16426 18446 42.6 71.0 57691 105371 3.42 5.58 8520 14200 1.94 2.76
Atrazine
2.00 kg/ha
(pre)
16426 18446 44.5 73.6 60691 109596 3.53 5.71 8900 14720 1.99 2.80
Atrazine
0.50 kg/ha
(post)
16426 18446 37.6 62.9 49104 91359 2.94 4.88 7520 12580 1.72 2.52
Atrazine
0.75 kg/ha
(post)
16426 18446 41.6 68.1 56022 100377 3.34 5.34 8320 13620 1.90 2.68
Atrazine
1.00 kg/ha
(post)
16426 18446 41.9 69.8 56466 103271 3.35 5.47 8380 13960 1.91 2.72
Atrazine
2.00 kg/ha
(post)
16426 18446 44.1 73.1 59991 108721 3.49 5.66 8820 14620 1.97 2.78
Weedy
check
16426 18446 36.6 61.6 47624 89354 2.90 4.84 7320 12320 1.70 2.50
Economics of sorghum (double cut) green fodder production

42. 1.82
1.93 1.94 1.99
1.72
1.90 1.91 1.97
1.70
2.64
2.74 2.76 2.80
2.52
2.68 2.72 2.78
2.5
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Weedy check
Economics of sorghum (double cut) green
fodder production
Net return per rupee invested after 1st cutting
Net return per rupee invested after two cuttings

43. Bio-efficacy of atrazine in fodder maize
Pre-emergence treatment
Post-emergence treatment

44. Residue content in green fodder maize
Treatment as pre-
emergence
Residue content at 62 days after application
Atrazine 0.50 kg/ha
Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha
Atrazine 1.00 kg/ha
Atrazine 2.00 kg/ha
0.0081 µg/g
0.0137 µg/g
0.181 µg/g
0.531 µg/g
0. 0081 mg/kg
0.0137 mg/kg
0.181 mg/kg
0. 531 mg/kg
0. 0081 g/tonne
0.0137 g/tonne
0.181 g/tonne
0. 531 g/tonne
0. 0081 ppm
0.0137 ppm
0.181 ppm
0. 531 ppm
MRL-Maximum Residue Limit
Authority MRL in ppm
Crops and
Commodities
 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) 0.25/Simazine Sugarcane
 WHO 0.002/Atrazine Water
 United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) 0.003/Atrazine Water
 The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export 0.10/Atrazine Fruits
Development Authority (APEDA)
 Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation 0.02/Atrazine Mango

45. 15 cm 15 cm
30 cm
15 cm 15 cm
30 cm
Fertilizer box
Seed box
Depth adjustment wheel
Tyne
Wooden log
• High seed rate/high density sowing
• Selective crop stimulation
• Healthy seed (Rapid germination
and high germination percentage)
Dropping of seeds + placing of
fertilizers + covering seeds and
levelling
Fast
establishment
and rapid
growth after
germination
from seed
reserve source

46. 49.3
51 51 52.1
48.8 49.2 49.4
52.06 52.7
40.8
65.4 65.6 65.5 65.9 64.7 65 65.3 66 66.5 65.4
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Weed-free
treatment
Weedy check
Green biomass yield of fodder maize
Yield (tonnes/ha)-2016 Yield (tonnes/ha)-2017

47. Economics of maize green fodder production-2016
Common cost of cultivation per hectare : Rs. 18024/-
• Field preparation (tillage, cost of hiring tractor, field layout, cost of diesel, skilled labour ):
Rs. 4173/-
• Cost of seed (34 kg/acre) and sowing operation: Rs. 3673/-
• Cost of fertilizer ( NPK ratio12:32:16 and Urea/Dose 80:40:20) and fertilizer application :
Rs. 3373/-
• Cost of irrigation (3 irrigations): Rs. 4333/-
• Cost of harvesting operation: Rs. 2472/-
 Transportation and cost of chap cutting: Rs. 200/tonne
 Selling price of green fodder Rs. 175/quintal
Economics of maize green fodder production-2017
Common cost of cultivation per hectare : Rs. 23095/-
• Field preparation (tillage, cost of hiring tractor, field layout, cost of diesel, skilled labour ):
Rs. 4181/-
• Cost of seed (64 kg/acre) and sowing operation through seed drill: Rs. 8337/-
• Cost of fertilizer ( NPK ratio12:32:16 and Urea/Dose 80:40:20) and fertilizer application :
Rs. 3595/-
• Cost of irrigation (3 irrigations): Rs. 4390/-
• Cost of harvesting operation: Rs. 2592/-
 Transportation and cost of chap cutting: Rs. 200/tonne
 Selling price of green fodder Rs. 200/quintal

48. Economics of maize green fodder production
Treatment Common Cost
(Rs.)/ha
Green fodder
yield (tonne/ha)
Net return (Rs.)/ha Net return per
rupee invested
Transportation
and chap
cutting cost
(Rs.)
Net return
/rupee invested
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
16260 18439 49.3 65.4 69745 112091 4.22 5.99 9860 13080 2.27 3.11
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
16260 18439 51 65.6 72638 112409 4.37 5.98 10200 13120 2.33 3.11
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
16260 18439 51 65.5 72557 112128 4.35 5.94 10200 13100 2.32 3.10
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
16260 18439 52.1 65.9 74157 112603 4.36 5.87 10420 13180 2.32 3.07
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
16260 18439 48.8 64.7 68870 110691 4.17 5.92 9760 12940 2.25 3.09
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
16260 18439 49.2 65.0 69488 111209 4.18 5.92 9840 13000 2.25 3.09
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
16260 18439 49.4 65.3 69757 111728 4.18 5.92 9880 13060 2.25 3.09
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
16260 18439 52.06 66.0 74087 112803 4.35 5.88 10412 13200 2.32 3.07
Weedy check 16260 18439 40.8 65.4 55140 112361 3.39 6.09 8160 13080 1.92 3.15

49. 6.5
3.2 3.2
1.1
7.4 6.6 6.3
1.2
22.6
1.7 1.4 1.5 0.9
2.7 2.3 1.8
0.8
1.7
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Weedy check
Weed Index (%) values in green fodder maize
Weed Index (%)-2016 Weed Index (%)-2017
32.66
28.63 28.43 26.49
32.58 32.11 32.19
26.78
60.29
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha pre-
emergence
Atrazine 0.50
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 0.75
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 1.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Atrazine 2.00
kg/ha post-
emergence
Weedy check
Yield increament (%)

50. Mixed cropping of berseem and Rye grass (Makkhan grass) in un-puddled soil
45
54
Rye grass (Makkhan grass) Rye grass (Makkhan grass)+Berseem
Green fodder yield (tonnes/ha) after 56 days after
sowing

51. 49 50
Rye grass (Makkhan grass) Rye grass (Makkhan grass)+Berseem
Green fodder yield (tonnes/ha) after 41 days after
1st cutting sowing

52. 45 49
94
54 50
104
Yield (tonnes/ha) after 1st cut Yield (tonnes/ha) after 2nd cut Total yield (tonnes/ha)
Green biomass yield (tonnes/ha)
Rye grass (Makkhan grass) Rye grass (Makkhan grass)+Berseem
11.06
15.5
Rye grass (Makkhan grass) Rye grass (Makkhan grass)+Berseem
Crude protein (%) at 2nd cutting

53. Major constraint of wheat
No. of seeds/inflorescence: 51-72
No. of inflorescence/plant:13 to 21
Total no. of seeds/plant: 663 to 1512
Test Weight (1000 seed weight): 2gm
Phalaris minor
Combine Harvester
No. of resistant biotype against the action of Clodinofop: 16 out of 24
No. of resistant biotype against the action of Pinoxaden: 04 out of 24
Use of Combine Harvester:
Important role in distributing
resistant biotype of Phalaris minor
and spreading of Rumex sp.
Rumex dentatus

54. Higher number of panicle/m2
contributed the grain yield on
account of 3.34 tonnes/ha of the
variety VL Gehun 829 . Poor
regeneration capacity of VL Gehun
616 resulted in low grain yield of
0.97 tonnes/ha.
25.3
28.6
VL Gehun 829 VL Gehun 616
Green Fodder Production at 57 DAS of
dual purpose wheat (tonnes/ha)
Green Fodder Production at 57 DAS (tonnes/ha)
VL Gehun 829 VL Gehun 829
3.34
0.97
VL Gehun 829 VL Gehun 616
Grain Yield (tonnes/ha)
Grain Yield (tonnes/ha)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
VL 829 VL 616
Absolute
Density
Absolute
Frequency
Absolute Density and Absolute Frequency (%) of Phalaris minor
55 DAS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
VL 829 VL 616
Absolute Density
Absolute
Frequency
80 DAS
After 1st cut
Dual purpose wheat variety

55. 47
34.3
24.3
55
45.3
58
44.7
34
64.7
59.3
JHO 822 JHO-99-1 JHO-851 JO-1 JO-2
Performence of different oat varieties at the fodder
farm of ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar
(2nd Year)
Yield (tonne/ha) at 60 DAS Yield (tonne/ha) at 70 DAS
The variety JO-1 showed
superiority of green fodder
yield (55 and 64.7 tonnes/ha
at 60 and 70 DAS,
respectively) over JHO-822
(47 and 58 tonnes/ha at 60
and 70 DAS, respectively) and
other oat varieties JO-2, JHO-
851 and JHO-99-1. 17.02 and
11.56 % increment on green
fodder yield was obtained
from JO-1 over JHO-822 at 60
and 70 DAS, respectively.

56. Herbicide treatment in non-cropped area
Glyphosate-Non-selective herbicide was very much effective in controlling weeds in non-
cropped area

57. Panicum maximum
(Biotype?) has the
capacity to suppress
the growth of
Parthenium
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
AbsoluteFrequency(%)
Absolute Frequency (%) of Parthenium in non-
crop area
2015
2016

58. Cyperus esculentus Cyperus rotundus Cyperus iria Celosia argentea Commelina diffusa
Echinochloa colona
Eleusine indica
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Digitaria ciliaris
Panicum maximum ?
Coccinia grandis
Chemical
analysis for
crude
protein,
crude fibre,

59. Weed Crude protein (%) Dry matter (%)
Echinochloa colona 5.4 13.6
Echinochloa crus-galli 15.8 12.2
Setaria sp. 16.3 12.6
Eleusine indica 11.4 20.5
Celosia argentea 13.3 16.1
Panicum maximum 8.8 27.4
Dactyloctenium
aegyptium
13.7 21.0
Brachiaria sp 14.7 18.0
Maize 11.6 16.7
Crude protein and Dry matter content of weeds

60. Weed (Ageratum conyzoides)
Cowpea mosaic virus disease
Dissemination of disease:
 Infected seed
 Aphid (Aphis craccivora, Myzus
persicae, Aphis gossypi)
 Weed as collateral host

61. The virus survives in the weeds and causes fresh
infection into the next season

62. List of weeds appear in fodder and grain crops at Fodder Farm of IVRI, Bareilly
Grasses: Cynodon dactylon (in fodder maize)
Echinochloa colona (in fodder maize, multicut sorghum and cowpea)
Echinochloa glabrescens (in fodder maize, multicut sorghum and cowpea)
Echinochloa crusgalli (in rice)
Panicum maximum (Non-cropped area)
Paspalum disticum (in fodder maize and multicut sorghum)
Eleusine indica ( in fodder maize and non-crop area)
Digitaria longiflora (in fodder maize, multicut sorghum and cowpea)
Digitaria ciliaris ( in fodder maize, multicut sorghum and cowpea)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (in non-crop area)
Sorghum halapense (in non-crop area)
Setaria glauca (in fodder maize)
Panicum repense (in rice and non-crop area)
Phalaris minor (in wheat)
Poa annua (in berseem and oat)
Sedges: Cyperus rotundus (in fodder maize, cowpea and non-crop area)
Cyperus esculentus ( in fodder sorghum and fodder maize)
Cyperus iria ( in rice and fodder sorghum)
Cyperus flavidus (in rice)
Cyperus pilosus (in non-crop area)

63. Broadleaved weed:
Trianthema portulacastrum (in fodder maize and cowpea)
Trianthema monogyne (in fodder maize and cowpea)
Ludwigia parviflora ( in rice)
Ageratum conyzoides (in fodder maize and non-crop area)
Cleome viscosa (in fodder maize)
Physalis minima (in fodder maize, wheat and mustard)
Amaranthus viridis ( in fodder maize and cowpea)
Commelina benghalensis ( in fodder maize)
Commelina diffusa ( in fodder maize)
Rumex dentatus (in berseem and oat)
Cichorium intybus (in berseem)
Coronopus didymus (in berseem)
Spilanthes calva (in berseem)
Chenopodium album (in wheat, early summer multicut sorghum, mustard and cowpea)
Solanum nigrum (in wheat and mustard)
Sonchus oleraceus (in mustard)
Parthenium hysterophorus (in non-crop area)
Cannabis sativa (in non-crop area)
Medicago denticulate (in berseem and non-crop area)
Melilotus alba (in berseem)
Malva parviflora (in non-crop area)

64. Conclusion
• Trianthema is widely distributed in the fodder farm mainly because of its
strong character on seed production and multiplication capacity both by
seed and vegetative means.
• Tillage plays an important role for continuous emergence of Trianthema
through imposing enforced dormancy of current seeds and breaking
enforced dormancy of old seeds.
• Tillage operation also affect the earthworm activities in soil.
• More than 80% germination of current seed of Trianthema has been
observed.
• 10 days old plant of Trianthema can be controlled through stale seedbed
technique and beyond that stage fragmented plant parts will have the
capacity to put forth the new growth.
• Cowpea has a significant effect in minimising distribution and seed
production capacity of Celosia argentea.
• Field grown with fodder cowpea has improved the earthworm population
in comparison to the field grown with fodder sorghum.
• Puddled soil has the influence in reducing germination capacity of
Coccinia grandis and growing of berseem under puddled condition during
winter season reduces seed bank potential and infestation of Coccinia
grandis in summer and kharif fodder crops.

65. • Mixed cropping of maize and cowpea controlled Trianthema and maximum green
fodder yield was obtained at 55 days after sowing beyond that cowpea showed
competitive effect on maize.
• Mixed cropping of berseem and gobhi sarson shown the influence in reducing
infestation of Coronopus didymus.
• Effectiveness of dual purpose wheat (grain cum green fodder) (VL Ghaun 829) can
be explored for controlling weeds especially Phalaris minor.
• The varieties JO-1 and JHO-822 have been found out as promising varieties of oat
based on green fodder yielding capacity, dry matter yield (%) and incidence of
barley yellow dwarf virus disease (BYDV).
• Among the weeds appearing in the fodder field Setaria contained highest per cent
of crude protein (16%).
• The weeds Trianthema, Coccina grandis and Cleome viscosa shown the character of
endozoochory dissemination.
• Atrazine showed selectivity in controlling Trianthema both in fodder maize and
sorghum, however, green fodder contained atrazine residue at the harvest.
• Higher seed rate of maize was equally effective with atrazine treatment in
controlling weeds and recorded higher green fodder yield and profit.
• Double cut sorghum recorded more green fodder yield and profitability in
comparison to single cut
• Cowpea mosaic virus disease survive in Ageratum conyzoides (Weed) and other
weed as collateral host for future infection apart from infected seeds.

66. YubrajYubraj
Thank you