MITOSIS

2.  Chromosomes form when the chromatin
network in the nucleus of the cell, coil up,
shortens and thickens.

3.  Each organism has a specific amount of
chromosomes.
 All humans have 46 chromosomes.
 These chromosomes are arranged in identical
pairs called homologous chromosome pairs
 Therefore humans have 23 homologous
pairs of chromosomes.

4.  These chromosomes is only visible during cell
division processes.
 One chromosome consist of 2 chromatids
and one centromere that attach the
chromatids together.
 Each chromatid consist of genes which in
turn consist of DNA.

6. X andY chromosomes:
gonosomes/sex-chromosomes
Colored bands
represents different
genes

7. The cell cycle includes the following phases:
 Interphase (include G1- , S- [DNA synthesis]
and G2 phase)
 Mitosis
 Cytokinesis
 Growth
The result is 2 identical cells.
G = Growth

9.  Allow an organism to
grow.
 Repairs damaged
cells/tissue.
 Replace dead
cells/tissue.
 Reproduction in some
simple organisms.

10.  In all somatic cells (include all body cells and
excludes the sex cells – sperm/egg cells)

11.  CONSIST OF A FEW PHASES:
INTERPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
G1 – Growth Phase
S – DNA Synthesis
Phase
G2 – Growth Phase

12.  Cell builds up enough energy for division
process.
 DNA replication occurs
 Cell look normal, (before division)

13.  Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
disappear.
 Chromatin become more tightly
coiled, and condenses into
individual chromosomes.
Chromosomes arrange randomly in
the cell.
 Centrioli move to opposite poles,
with spindle fibers stretching
between them.

14.  The centrioli reached the opposite poles with
the spindle fibers in between.
 The chromosomes arrange randomly on the
equator, each single chromosome attaching
to a separate spindle fiber by means of the
centromere.

15.  The spindle fibers pull tight.
 The centromers attaching the chromatids of
the chromosomes split in half.
 Daughter chromosomes move to opposite
poles.

16.  Daughter chromosomes reach
poles.
 Nuclear envelope surrounds
chromosomes.
 Nucleolus reappear at each pole.
 Chromosomes become less
condense forming chromatin.
 Two identical nuclei has been
formed

17.  Invagination of the cytoplasm and plasma
membrane occurs. (Cleavage furrow forms in
animal cells and a cytoplasmic plate forms in
plant cells)
 Continues until the cell in divided into 2
separate cells. (Identical to one another and
to the original cell)

19.  Cancer is caused by the loss of cell cycle controls
in cancer cells.
 Cancer cells usually continue to divide well
beyond a single layer, forming a clump of
overlapping cells called a tumor.
 Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and
can metastasize (spread) exporting cancer cells to
other parts of the body, where they may form
secondary tumors.
 They do not exhibit anchorage dependence or
density dependent inhibition.

20. Ovarian cancer cells
dividing

22.  Divide into groups of 8.
 Design a research project for students using
the themeCancer.
 Complete the actual research project that
you have designed in detail as an example of
what you expect from a student.

23. Design
 Originality of the project 10
 Planning of the design 10
 Assessment you will be using 10
 Assessment criteria you will be using 10
 Design construction and set up. 10
 Clarity of task 10

24.  Cover page 10
 Index 10
 Content – scientific and true – no plagiarism 10
 Reference indicated in content 10
 Summary of references provided in Bibliography. 10
 Includes diagrams/ graphs/ tables/ statistics 10
 Includes own opinion and ideas. 10
 Neatness 10
 Overall impression (Did you do what the project required
you to do) 10
Total : 150