Presentation by Giovanna SEGRE, PhD, Associate Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin, Italy from the OECD capacity building seminar “A workforce for the future - Designing strong local strategies for better jobs and skills”, 28-29 Nov 2017, Venice, Italy. More information: http://oe.cd/CBSVenice2018

1. Employment and skills for culture
and creative industries
Capacity building seminar - A workforce for the future
Designing strong local strategies for better jobs and skills
Giovanna Segre

2. Cultural employment in EU (% of total empl.)Source:Eurostat,2017

3.  Around 6.5 million people in the EU were working in a cultural sector or
occupation in 2015 (2.9 % of the total employment)
 Between 2011 and 2015, there was a small but steady increase in the
number of people working in culture: in 2015 there were 410 000 more
cultural jobs in the EU than in 2011 (+ 7 %), showing an annual average
growth rate of + 1.7 %.
 The slight increase was also observed in relative terms: cultural
employment as a percentage of the total rose from 2.8 % to 2.9 %
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

4.  Cultural employment showed some resilience to the 2008 financial
crisis!
 From 2008 to 2010, numbers of cultural jobs rose by an annual average
of 0.4 %; total employment recorded a negative average annual growth
rate (– 1.5 %)
 That contrast between cultural and total employment trends was still
visible after 2011, although to a lesser extent. In 2014 both growth rates
were positive and similar( 1.8 % for cultural employment, 1.4 % for
total employment) but the contrast again increased in 2015 (2.6 % for
cultural employment, 1.2 % for total employment).
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

5.  First step - The definition of the cultural and creative industries.
Literature:
Creative Industry Task Force of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport in UK (DCMS, 1998,
2001)
KEA (2006, 2012)
UNESCO (2009)
Santagata (2009)
Power and Nielsén (2010)
ESSnet-Culture (2012)
…
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017
Definition of cultural employment
The creative economy
and knowledge society
are mostly based on
their workers

6. UNESCO
EU
Which perimeter?
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

7. Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017
Which workers?
Source:Eurostat,2017
 Second step - The
definition of the cultural
worker.

8. Cultural and Creative
Industries Rank
Country CCI Focus CCI Rank CCI Employment
Iceland 4.01% 28 8,633
Netherlands 3.94% 6 377,903
Sweden 3.76% 7 205,831
Denmark 3.48% 15 124,352
Switzerland 3.40% 8 167,479
Finland 3.25% 18 96,511
Ireland 3.20% 20 70,602
Estonia 3.14% 26 23,965
United Kingdom 3.12% 1 1,131,697
Norway 2.96% 19 81,874
Malta 2.94% 29 5,765
Slovenia 2.87% 24 29,151
Austria 2.83% 12 131,015
Germany 2.79% 2 956,668
Spain 2.74% 4 655,042
Hungary 2.73% 11 134,921
Italy 2.66% 3 767,521
Czech Republic 2.64% 10 156,272
Latvia 2.60% 23 31,720
Cyprus 2.52% 27 10,794
France 2.52% 5 634,251
Lithuania 2.38% 25 26,102
Slovakia 2.30% 22 61,777
Greece 2.28% 13 128,421
Belgium 2.26% 16 101,646
Portugal 2.13% 17 96,741
Luxembourg 2.08% 30 5,273
Poland 1.69% 9 162,408
Bulgaria 1.63% 21 65,587
Romania 1.18% 14 126,637
Europe 2.71% 6,576,558
Source: Power and Nielsén (2010)
Note: Focus indicates how large share of the nation’s total employment
the CCI sector constitutes. CCI rank is the rank in CCI employment.
My sample:
1. United Kingdom
2. Germany
3. Italy
4. Spain
5. France

9. 12 Sectors
+
1
A) Cultural Heritage
1. Museums
2. Architecture
3. Performing Arts
4. Contemporary Arts and Photography
B) Material culture
5. Fashion and Textiles
6. Wine&Food
7. Design and Arts&Craft
C) Media and new media
8. Movies
9. TV and Radio
10. Printing
11. Software
12. Advertising
D) Education
The “Italian Model”
Santagata (2009)
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

10. Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017
David
Throsby
2009
The
concentric
circles
model of the
cultural
industries

11. Italy: The most endowed
Fonte: UNESCO
In the world 1.073 UNESCO WH sites:
832 Cultural 206 Natural 35 Mixed
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

12. A proxy
indicator
A market
indicator
Fonte: UNWTO
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

13. Group Sub-group
ISCO
codes
Definition
Core creative
occupations
Librarians, archivists, and curators 262 Librarians, archivists, and curators
Authors, journalists, and linguists 264 Authors, journalists, and linguists
Creative and performing artists 265 Creative and performing artists
Cultural occupations 343 Artistic, cultural, and culinary associate professionals
Architecture
occupations
213 Life science professionals
216 Architects, planners, surveyors, and designers
Material culture
occupations
Handicraft workers 731 Handicraft workers
Printing trades workers 732 Printing trades workers
Wood treaters and related trades
workers 752 Wood treaters, cabinet makers, and related trades workers
Garment and related trades
workers 753 Garment and related trades workers
Information occupations
133 Information and communications technology service managers
251 Software and applications developers and analysts
252 Database and network professionals
351
Information and communications technology operations and user
support technicians
352 Telecommunications and broadcasting technicians
Education occupations
231 University and higher education teachers
232 Vocational education teachers
233 Secondary education teachers
235 Other teaching professionals
263 Social and religious professionals
Classification: International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08), 79 sectors
Source: Eurostat EU-LFS, 2015 (data refers to 2012)

14. France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations 206,140 432,480 159,950 126,750 337,780
Librarians, archivists and curators 21,660 46,850 22,560 18,310 34,020
Authors, journalists and linguists 74,600 200,210 68,500 62,520 145,080
Creative and performing artists 109,880 185,420 68,890 45,920 158,680
Cultural occupations 198,530 158,030 40,620 48,220 299,160
Architecture occupations 93,960 415,730 236,850 174,570 378,030
Material culture occupations 154,150 649,300 598,630 158,440 250,790
Handicraft workers 44,410 105,780 164,280 25,850 67,270
Printing trades workers 44,640 159,860 75,370 35,070 76,780
Wood treaters and related workers 21,190 264,950 149,540 44,230 70,270
Garment and related workers 43,910 118,710 209,440 53,290 36,470
Information occupations 504,930 917,460 455,810 333,820 1,131,060
Education occupations 1,112,120 1,795,300 805,200 715,870 1,225,100
Total Creative& Culture Occupations 2,269,830 4,368,300 2,297,060 1,557,670 3,621,920
CCO % on total employment 8.9% 11.0% 10.2% 9.1% 12.7%
CCO % excluding teachers 4.5% 6.5% 6.6% 4.9% 8.4%
Total employment 25,546,600 39,818,540 22,481,120 17,130,620 28,575,790
The size of the employment

15. The shares of creative and cultural domains

16. The size in percentage of employment

17. FR DE IT SP UK FR DE IT SP UK
Average age Median age
Core creative occupations 41.8 43.2 42.5 39.0 40.4 42 42 42 37 37
Librarians, archivists and curators 47,7 48,9 45,6 40,5 43,7 52 52 47 42 47
Authors, journalists and linguists 41,2 42,8 42,1 38,3 40,5 42 42 42 37 37
Creative and performing artists 41,1 42,2 41,8 39,2 39,6 42 42 42 37 37
Cultural occupations 37,3 40,9 42,4 40,2 36,5 37 42 42 42 37
Architecture occupations 41,2 41,2 41,2 39,0 40,6 42 42 42 37 42
Material culture occupations 44.3 40.3 42.2 43.5 42.6 47 42 42 42 42
Handicraft workers 45,7 39,1 42,1 40,7 43,3 47 42 42 37 42
Printing trades workers 43,2 40,5 42,3 41,9 43,1 42 42 42 42 42
Wood treaters and related workers 45,0 38,9 42,0 44,2 40,8 47 42 42 47 42
Garment and related workers 44,0 45,1 42,3 45,9 44,1 47 47 42 47 47
Information occupations 38,2 39,2 39,3 36,7 38,9 37 37 37 37 37
Total Creative & Culture Occupations 39,8 40,6 41,2 39,1 39,5 37 42 42 37 37
Other Occupations 40,8 41,4 41,7 41,2 39,9 42 42 42 42 42
Research question 1: Are CCO for younger workers?
Tentative answer: NO

18. Research question 2: Are CCO for highly educated workers?
Share of workers with high education France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations 72.4 82.6 64.5 47.4 77.4
Librarians, archivists and curators 81.5 100.0 75.0 45.8 78.7
Authors, journalists and linguists 75.4 93.3 76.4 58.1 85.4
Creative and performing artists 67.2 61.8 54.5 37.0 70.0
Cultural occupations 27.8 52.6 50.0 14.8 27.6
Architecture occupations 76.9 87.1 62.5 73.9 85.7
Material culture occupations 5.6 12.9 15.5 2.0 18.3
Handicraft workers 9.7 23.8 24.5 3.0 26.1
Printing trades workers 5.6 13.9 13.4 1.2 11.2
Wood treaters and related workers 4.0 8.1 13.4 1.5 16.5
Garment and related workers 5.6 10.0 9.6 1.9 20.9
Information occupations 52.4 84.6 77.0 31.0 68.3
Total Creative & Culture Occupations 47.7 68.6 60.6 27.3 62.4
Other Occupations 24.8 35.1 31.1 14.9 34.6
Tentative answer: YES, but…

19. Workers by education levels: Low education
Share of workers with low education France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations 9.9% 2.8% 7.0% 0.7% 6.5%
Librarians, archivists, and curators 3.3% 0.8% 9.1% 0.0% 5.3%
Authors, journalists, and linguists 4.1% 2.1% 1.3% 0.0% 3.7%
Creative and performing artists 15.1% 3.9% 12.2% 1.8% 9.3%
Cultural occupations 9.0% 4.4% 24.9% 24.6% 21.2%
Architecture occupations 9.9% 2.4% 3.7% 0.0% 3.4%
Material culture occupations 26.7% 18.0% 63.8% 63.9% 29.6%
Handicraft workers 19.9% 16.8% 58.8% 53.7% 26.3%
Printing trades workers 29.1% 12.6% 51.7% 52.2% 32.8%
Wood treaters and related workers 23.4% 20.3% 64.7% 74.5% 30.0%
Garment and related workers 32.4% 20.9% 71.8% 69.4% 28.9%
Information occupations 4.5% 2.8% 3.9% 1.8% 6.0%
Total Creative & Culture Occupations 9.7% 6.5% 29.1% 15.0% 9.9%
Other Occupations 22.8% 14.1% 36.1% 39.3% 20.3%

20. France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations 47.0% 49.4% 46.8% 46.8% 48.1%
Librarians, archivists and curators 73,2% 69,2% 64,9% 80,0% 74,2%
Authors, journalists and linguists 49,7% 53,8% 51,5% 51,8% 54,5%
Creative and performing artists 39,9% 40,1% 36,0% 27,5% 36,9%
Cultural occupations 38,7% 37,0% 35,2% 38,6% 25,5%
Architecture occupations 24,4% 42,6% 43,7% 31,0% 31,9%
Material culture occupations 38.0% 24.1% 34.6% 29.0% 20.5%
Handicraft workers 38,7% 29,0% 35,8% 22,8% 19,2%
Printing trades workers 27,8% 27,1% 19,0% 23,3% 17,0%
Wood treaters and related workers 16,6% 5,1% 5,8% 4,5% 9,7%
Garment and related workers 60,8% 65,7% 59,8% 57,7% 50,5%
Information occupations 17,5% 13,0% 16,8% 20,9% 17,1%
Total Creative & Culture Occupations 30,0% 28,5% 32,0% 29,4% 25,3%
Other Occupations 47,9% 46,9% 41,1% 45,4% 47,9%
Research question 3: Are CCO jobs for women more than other jobs?
Tentative answer: YES, for Librarians, archivist, curators; Garment; …

21. Research question 4: Are CCO working excessively?
France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations 18.7% 17.5% 11.6% 11.6% 13.3%
Librarians, archivists and curators 1.8% 1.2% 0.8% 2.8% 2.5%
Authors, journalists and linguists 24.5% 17.2% 13.9% 11.2% 10.6%
Creative and performing artists 18.0% 21.8% 12.7% 15.5% 18.0%
Cultural occupations 14.1% 20.0% 20.0% 17.8% 20.9%
Architecture occupations 35.0% 20.1% 16.0% 16.1% 17.0%
Material culture occupations 23.3% 9.0% 9.6% 12.9% 13.5%
Handicraft workers 31.4% 8.1% 9.1% 15.8% 18.2%
Printing trades workers 10.7% 8.0% 6.9% 5.9% 12.4%
Wood treaters and related workers 47.5% 11.3% 13.1% 11.0% 12.3%
Garment and related workers 18.8% 4.9% 8.6% 18.0% 8.8%
Information occupations 12.6% 10.5% 9.2% 8.7% 14.7%
Total Creative & Culture Occupations 17.4% 13.5% 11.0% 11.9% 15.5%
Other Occupations 13.9% 9.6% 10.4% 11.1% 14.4%
Share of workers with excessive (>48) working hours

22. Research question 5: Are CCO mainly self employed?
France Germany Italy Spain UK
Core creative occupations
Librarians, archivists and curators 0,0% 5,5% 12,6% 1,9% 0,8%
Authors, journalists and linguists 29,4% 49,0% 55,9% 26,8% 45,3%
Creative and performing artists 28,8% 62,2% 67,7% 43,8% 68,1%
Cultural occupations 30,6% 39,0% 60,1% 28,1% 17,2%
Architecture occupations 53,2% 36,4% 63,0% 30,4% 21,5%
Material culture occupations
Handicraft workers 70,7% 12,0% 24,6% 30,1% 26,9%
Printing trades workers 17,7% 10,8% 20,5% 14,9% 8,3%
Wood treaters and related workers 98,3% 14,5% 31,4% 33,8% 28,7%
Garment and related workers 50,5% 19,1% 25,8% 34,8% 41,0%
Information occupations 0,0% 12,9% 22,6% 10,1% 13,2%
Total CCO 21,5% 25,1% 34,9% 21,8% 21,8%
Other Occupations 10,4% 9,5% 21,9% 16,0% 13,0%
Tentative
answer:
YES,
but not
Librarians,
archivist,
curators;
Material
culture

23. Giovanna Segre, L’Italia e il paradosso dell’abbondanza
13 novembre 2017
“Crucially, we find
that creativity is
inversely related to
computerisability”
NOTE: Creativity extends well
beyond the arts and culture; the
work of software developers and
biochemical engineers requires
about the same degree of creativity
as many jobs in Arts and Media
Research question 6:

24. Do are specific skills and employment policies for the
cultural and creative sectors needed?
What are the implications for skills and employment
policies in the cultural and creative sectors, both at
national and local level?
Giovanna Segre, Employment and skills for culture and creative industries
28 November 2017

25. Distribution of workers by wage deciles in Italy