The document discusses antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria evolve and become resistant to antibiotics. It notes several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, including altering drug targets or pumping drugs out. Antibiotic resistance is a major concern as it can lead to treatment failure, increased mortality, and spread of resistant bacteria. Factors that affect antibiotic resistance include poor sanitation, over-the-counter availability of drugs, irrational drug combinations, poor patient adherence, self-medication, and inappropriate antibiotic use. The conclusion emphasizes restricting antibiotics to appropriate uses to help combat growing resistance.

1. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE:
Challenges and Solutions
NITISH NIRALA
M.S.(PHARM) PHARMACOLOGY AND
TOXICOLOGY

2. WHAT IS ANTIBIOTICS?
 Chemical Substances Produced By
Microorganisms That Inhibit The
Growth Or Kill Other
Microorganisms.
 Antibiotics are from antibiosis,
meaning against life.

5. 1. Development of an altered drug target.
2. Decrease the concentration of the drug (Efflux pump).
3. Production of drug inactivating enzyme.
4. Synthesis of the resistant metabolic pathway.
5. Failure to metabolize the drug.
MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO DRUGS

6.  Resistant organisms lead to treatment failure.
 Increased mortality.
 Resistant bacteria may spread in the Community.
 Low-level resistance can go undetected.
 Added burden on healthcare costs.
 Threatens to return to the pre-antibiotic era.
 Selection pressure.
WHY RESISTANCE IS A CONCERN! THREAT

7. FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 Environmental Factor
I. Poor sanitation.
II. Increases community-acquired resistance.
Drug Related
I. Over-the-counter availability of antimicrobials.
II. Irrational fixed dose combination of antimicrobials.
Patient Related
I. Poor adherence to dosage Regimens
II. Poverty.
III. Lack of sanitation concept.
IV. Lack of education.
V. Self-medication.

8.  Inappropriate use of available drugs.
 Increased empiric poly-antimicrobial use.
 Overuse of antimicrobials.
 Inadequate dosing.
 Lack of current knowledge and training.
PRESCRIBED

9.  The importance and value of antibiotics cannot be overestimated; we depend
on them to treat infectious diseases.
 The best practice is that doctors and health care centers should provide their
patients with resistance-free places by taking strict measures in infection
control and antibiotic use.
 There is no perfect antibiotic, and once the most appropriate uses of any new
compound are identified, it is essential to restrict the antibiotic's prescription
to those uses.
CONCLUSION