PATHOLOGY - hematology

1. PERIPHERAL SMEAR
EXAMINATION
NITHIN K MATHEW
REG NO ;- 08L1308
FATHER MULLER
MEDICAL COLLEGE

2. PREPARATION OF BLOOD SMEAR
 There are three types of blood
smears:
1. The cover glass smear.
2. The wedge smear .
3. The spun smear.
 The are two additional types of blood
smear used for specific purposes
1. Buffy coat smear for WBCs < 1.0×109/L
2. Thick blood smears for blood parasites .

3. WEDGE BLOOD SMEAR
 Specimen : EDTA blood within 2 to 3
hours & collected to the mark on tube.
 Not's : May change RBCs morphology
such as Spiculated (crenated) cells if :
1. Excessive amount of anticoagulant to
specimen
2. Old blood - long standing.
3. Warm environment (room temperature)
may hasten changes.

4. PROCEDURE
 placing a drop of blood from mixed
sample on a clean glass slide.
 Spreader slide using another clean glass
slide at 30-40 degree angle.
 Control thickness of the smear by
changing the angle of spreader slide
 Allow the blood film to air-dry completely
before staining. (Do not blow to dry. The
moisture from your breath will cause
RBC artifact.)

5. large angle
low HCT
small angle
high HCT

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SMEAR
1. Thick at one end, thinning out to a smooth
rounded feather edge.
2. Should occupy 2/3 of the total slide area.
3. Should not touch any edge of the slide.
4. Should be margin free, except for point of
application.

8. tail body head

9. MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES DUE TO
AREA OF SMEAR
 Thin area- Spherocytes which are
really "spheroidocytes" or flattened
red cells. True spherocytes will be
found in other (Good) areas of
smear.
 Thick area - Rouleaux, which is
normal in such areas. Confirm by
examining thin areas. If true
rouleaux, two-three RBC's will
stick together in a "stack of coins"
fashion..

10. COMMON CAUSES OF A POOR BLOOD
SMEAR
1. Drop of blood too large or too small.
2. Spreader slide pushed across the slide in a jerky manner.
3. Failure to keep the entire edge of the spreader slide
against the slide while making the smear.
4. Failure to keep the spreader slide at a 30° angle with the
slide.
5. Failure to push the spreader slide completely across the
slide.
6. Irregular spread with ridges and long tail: Edge of
spreader dirty or chipped; dusty slide
7. Holes in film: Slide contaminated with fat or grease
8. Cellular degenerative changes: delay in fixing, inadequate
fixing time or methanol contaminated with water.

11. BIOLOGIC CAUSES OF A POOR SMEAR
1. Cold agglutinin - RBCs will clump
together. Warm the blood at 37° C
for 5 minutes, and then remake the
smear.
2. Lipemia - holes will appear in the
smear. There is nothing you can do
to correct this.
3. Rouleaux - RBC’s will form into
stacks resembling coins. There is
nothing you can do to correct this

12. SLIDE FIXATION &
STAINING
LEISHMAN'S STAIN

13. PRINCIPLE LIKE ROMANOWSKY PRINCIPLE
Leishman's stain : a polychromatic stain
 Methanol : fixes cells to slide
 methylene blue stains RNA,DNA
=== blue-grey color
 Eosin stains hemoglobin, eosin granules
=== orange-red color
 pH value of phosphate buffer is very
important

14. STAINING PROCEDURE
 Thin smear are air dried.
 Flood the smear with stain.
 Stain for 1-5 min. Experience will indicate
the optimum time.
 Add an equal amount of buffer solution and
mix the stain by blowing an eddy in the fluid.
 Leave the mixture on the slide for 10-15 min.
 Wash off by running water directly to the
centre of the slide to prevent a residue of
precipitated stain.
 Stand slide on end, and let dry in air.

15. TOO ACIDIC SUITABLE TOO BASIC

16. CAUSES & CORRECTION
 Too Acid Stain:
1. insufficient staining time
2. prolonged buffering or washing
3. old stain
 Correction:
1) lengthen staining time
2) check stain and buffer pH
3) shorten buffering or wash time

17.  Too Alkaline Stain:
1. thick blood smear
2. prolonged staining
3. insufficient washing
4. alkaline pH of stain components
 Correction :
1) check pH
2) shorten stain time
3) prolong buffering time

18. PERFORMING A MANUAL
DIFFERENTIAL AND ASSESSING RBC
MORPHOLOGY

19. PRINCIPLE
 White Blood Cells.
1. Check for even distribution and
estimate the number present (also,
look for any gross abnormalities
present on the smear).
2. Perform the differential count.
3. Examine for morphologic
abnormalities.

20. PRINCIPLE
 Red Blood Cells, Examine for :
1. Size and shape.
2. Relative hemoglobin content.
3. Polychromatophilia.
4. Inclusions.
5. Rouleaux formation or
agglutination

21. PRINCIPLE
 Platelets.
1. Estimate number present.
2. Examine for morphologic
abnormalities.

22. PROCEDURES
 Observations Under ×10
1. Check to see if there are good counting
areas available free of ragged edges
and cell clumps.
2. Check the WBC distribution over the
smear.
3. Check that the slide is properly
stained.
4. Check for the presence of large
platelets, platelet clumps, and fibrin
strands.

23. Observing direction:
Observe one field and record the number of WBC
according to the different type then turn to another field
in the snake-liked direction
*avoid repeat or miss some cells

24. OBSERVATIONS UNDER× 40X : WBC
ESTIMATES
 Using the × 40 high dry with no oil.
 Choose a portion of the peripheral
smear where there is only slight
overlapping of the RBCs.
 Count 10 fields, take the total number
of white cells and divide by 10.
 To do a WBC estimate by taking the
average number of white cells and
multiplying by 2000.

25. OBSERVATIONS UNDER × 100: PLATELET
ESTIMATES
1. Use the oil immersion lens estimate the
number of platelets per field.
2. Look at 5-6 fields and take an average.
3. Multiply the average by 20,000.
4. Note any macroplatelets.
 Platelets per oil immersion field (OIF)
1) <8 platelets/OIF = decreased
2) 8 to 20 platelets/OIF = adequate
3) >20 platelets/OIF = increased

26. EVALUATE WBC MORPHOLOGY
 Note if any abnormal white cell morphology is
present
o Hypersegmented poly's (5 or more lobes)
o Vacuolation of neutrophils
o Toxic granulation of neutrophils
o Dohle bodies
o Atypical Lymphocytes
o Smudge cells

27. MANUAL DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS
 These counts are done in the same
area as WBC and platelet estimates
with the red cells barely touching.
 This takes place under × 100 (oil)
using the zigzag method.
 Count 100 WBCs including all cell
lines from immature to mature.
 Reporting results
Absolute number of cells/µl = % of cell
type in differential x white cell count

28. OBSERVING AND RECORDING
NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELLS (NRBCS)
 If 10 or more nucleated RBC's (NRBC)
are seen, correct the
 White Count using this formula:
Corrected WBC Count =
WBC x 100/( NRBC + 100)
Example : If WBC = 5000 and 10 NRBCs
have been counted
Then 5,000× 100/110 = 4545.50
The corrected white count is 4545.50.

29. TIPS ON DIFF'S
 Do not count cells that are disintegrating
• smudge cells
• eosinophil with no cytoplasmic membrane
and with scattered granules
• Pyknotic cell (nucleus extremely
condensed and degenerated, lobes
condensed into small, round clumps with
no filaments interconnecting).
• Basket cells

30. ABNORMAL DIFFERENTIALS
1. 200 Cell diff:
a. WBC > 15.0 (>20.0 for babies under 1 month and
labor unit)
b. Three or more basophils seen.
2. If more than five immature WBC's are seen (or any
blasts) let someone else diff slide and average
results.
3. Correct WBC for NRBC's if you seen ten or more
NRBCs/100 WBC.
4. Always indicate number of cells counted on diff.
5. If any cell type is extremely elevated (such as bands,
monos, or eos > 20) indicate that you are aware of
the abnormality by circling or checking on the card
next to the results.

31. RECORDING RBC MORPHOLOGY
1. Scan area using ×100 (oil immersion).
2. Observe 10 fields.
3. Red cells are observed for size, shape, hemoglobin content, and the
presence or absence of inclusions.
4. Abnormal morphology: Red cell morphology is assessed according
to See the following sample grading system. Note that red cell
morphology must be scanned in a good counting area.
Two questions should be asked
1. Is the morphology seen in every field?
2. Is the morphology pathologic and not artificially induced?
Table 1 & 2 represents a system derived to determine a quantitative
scale.

32. RED BLOOD CELL MORPHOLOGY
 A normal red blood cell should be approximately
the same size as a normal lymphocyte nucleus or
2 normal sized red blood cells should fit side by
side across a normal sized poly (not a
hypersegmented poly).
Grade Degree of
abnormality
NO. of Field/ Oil imm.
1+1-6 per oil imm. field
2+7-10 per OIF
3+11-20 per OIF
4+> 20 per OIF

33. REPORTING RESULTS
 Where possible use macrocytic and
microcytic, rather than simply anisocytosis
alone, when describing red cell morphology.
 Use specific cell morphology when possible,
rather than simply reporting poikilocytosis.
 When red cells are normocytic,
normochromic, report out as NORMAL.
When abnormal morphology has been noted,
DO NOT indicate normal on the report form.
 EXAMPLE: 7-10 microcytic RBC's/OIF is
reported out as: 2+ microcytosis or Moderate
microcytosis.

34. DETERMINE A QUANTITATIVE SCALE
1

35. GRADING INCLUSIONS
2

36. MORPHOLOGY OF WBC
IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Normal

37. NORMAL PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR

39. STAB NEUTROPHIL
 Diameter:12-16
 Cytoplasm : pink
 Granules: primary
secondary
 Nucleus: dark purple blue
 dense chromatin

40. BAND NEUTROPHIL

41. SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL
 Diameter: 12-16
 Cytoplasm : pink
 Granules: primary
secondary
 Nucleus: dark purple blue
dense chromatin
2-5 lobes

42. SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL

43. EOSINOPHIL
 Diameter: 14-16
 Cytoplasm : full of granules
 Granules: large refractile, orange-red
 Nucleus: blue
dense chromatin
2 lobes like a pair of glass

44. EOSINOPHIL

45. BASOPHIL
 Diameter: 14-16
 Cytoplasm : pink
 Granules: dark blue –black
obscure nucleus
 Nucleus: blue

46. BASOPHIL

47. LYMPHOCYTE
 Diameter: small 7-9
large 12-16
 Cytoplasm: medium blue
 Granules: small agranular
large a few
primary granules
 Nucleus: dark blue round
dense chromatin

48. LYMPHOCYTE

49. MONOCYTE
 Diameter: 14-20
 Cytoplasm : grey blue
 Granules: dust-like lilac
color granules
 Nucleus: blue
large irregularly shaped
and folded

50. MONOCYTE

51. ABNORMAL CHANGES
OF WBC MORPHOLOGY

52. LEFT-SHIFT AND RIGHT-SHIFT OF
NEUTROPHIL:
Left-shift: non-segmented
neutrophil > 5%
Right-shift: hypersegmented
neutrophil >3%

53. TOXIC GRANULATION

54. AUER BODIES(AUER ROD)

55. HYPERSEGMENTATION

56. Anisocytosis of neutrophil

57. vacuolization

58. Degeneration of nucleus

59. Dohle body