its all about earth and its element

1. • INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS EARTH?
• SOIL CONDITION
• SOIL TYPES
• ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
• TYPES OF ROCKS
• ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
• COMPONENTS OF EARTH.
• DIVIDING ACCORDING TO ATMOSPHERIC LEVELS
• LANDFORMS – COMPONENTS
• VEGETATION(CLASSIFICATION)
• TYPES OF VEGETATION
• INFERENCES (NATURAL COMPONENTS)
• MANMADE COMPONENTS

2. INTRODUCTION
• Most of the Earth's surface (70%) is covered with water, and the
remaining 30% is taken up by the seven continental landmasses.
However, underneath the water that fills the oceans, and the dirt and
plants that cover the continents, the Earth's surface layer is made of
rock. This outer layer formed a hard, rocky crust as lava at the
surface cooled 4.5 billion years ago.
• Total Surface area of earth’s surface is 510.1 million km²

3. WHAT IS EARTH?
• Earth is the planet we live on.
It is the third planet from the sun.
It is the only planet known to have
life on it. ... Earth is the only
planet in our solar system that
has a large amount of liquid
water. About 71% of the
surface of Earth is covered
by oceans.

4. SOIL CONDITION
• Tilth,
Physical condition of soil,
especially in relation to its
suitability for planting or
growing a crop. Factors that
determine tilth include the
formation and stability of
aggregated soil particles,
moisture content, degree of
aeration, rate of water
infiltration, and drainage.

5. SOIL TYPES
Five Different Soil Types Are…
1. Sandy
2. Silty
3. Clay
4. Peaty
5. Saline
1 Sandy
2 Silty
3 Clay
4 Peaty
5 Saline

6. SOIL TYPE
• Sandy
• Sandy soil has the largest particles
among the different soil types. It’s
dry and gritty to the touch, and
because the particles have huge
spaces between them, it can’t hold
on to water.
• Water drains rapidly, straight
through to places where the roots,
particularly those of seedlings,
cannot reach. Plants don’t have a
chance of using the nutrients in
sandy soil more efficiently as
they’re swiftly carried away by the
runoff.

7. 1. Strip foundations are usually adequate
for dry compact gravel, or gravel and
sand subsoil. Generally a depth of 700mm
is acceptable, as long as the ground has
adequate bearing capacity.
2. If the water table is high (i.e. the gravel
is submerged), the bearing capacity is
halved, so it’s important to keep the
foundations as high as possible. A shallow,
reinforced, wide strip foundation may be
suitable.
3. Sand holds together reasonably well
when damp, compacted and uniform, but
trenches may collapse and so sheet piling
is often used to retain the ground in
trenches until the concrete is poured.
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
•SAND AND GRAVEL GRAVEL
SAND

8. • Strip foundations are
commonly used in chalk.
Providing that the chalk is
not too soft. The depth of
the foundation must be
below any frost action
(700mm). If the chalk is soft
it will need to be excavated
until firm chalk is reached.
• Chalk soils can be prone to
erosion.
CHALK
CHALK
STRIP FOUNDATION
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

9. SOIL TYPE
• Silty
• Silty soil has much smaller
particles than sandy soil so
it’s smooth to the touch.
When moistened, it’s soapy
slick. When you roll it
between your fingers, dirt is
left on your skin.
• Silty soil retains water longer,
but it can’t hold on to as much
nutrients as you’d want it to
though it’s fairly fertile. Due to
its moisture-retentive quality,
silty soil is cold and drains
poorly.

10. ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

11. SOIL TYPE
• Clay
• Clay soil has the smallest
particles among the three so
it has good water storage
qualities. It’s sticky to the
touch when wet, but smooth
when dry.
• Due to the tiny size of its
particles and its tendency to
settle together, little air
passes through its spaces.
Because it’s also slower to
drain, it has a tighter hold on
plant nutrients. Clay soil is
thus rich in plant food for
better growth.

12. • THE FIRST 900-1,200MM LAYER
OF CLAY IS SUBJECT TO
MOVEMENT DUE TO EXPANSION
AND SHRINKAGE DEPENDING ON
MOISTURE CONTENT, SO IT IS
GENERALLY NECESSARY TO
EXCAVATE FOUNDATIONS TO A
DEPTH WHERE THE MOISTURE
CONTENT OF THE CLAY REMAINS
STABLE.
• IN CLAY, PRIOR TO CONCRETING
THE FOUNDATIONS, THE TRENCH
IS OFTEN PROTECTED FROM
HEAVE BY LINING IT WITH A
COMPRESSIBLE LAYER USUALLY
CLAY BOARD.
CLAY BOARD
CLAY
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

13. SOIL TYPE
• Peaty
• Peaty soil is dark brown or
black in color, soft, easily
compressed due to its high
water content, and rich in
organic matter. Peat soil
started forming over 9,000
years ago, with the rapid
melting of glaciers. This rapid
melt drowned plants quickly
and died in the process. Their
decay was so slow
underwater that it led to the
accumulation of organic area
in a concentrated spot.

14. • SOIL TYPE: FIBRISTS/PEAT
• FIBRISTS HISTOSOLS THAT ARE
PRIMARILY MADE UP OF ONLY
SLIGHTLY DECOMPOSED ORGANIC
MATERIALS, OFTEN CALLED PEA
• PEAT AND LOOSE WATERLOGGED
SAND ARE VERY POOR SUBSOILS. IF
THE PEAT CAN BE STRIPPED BACK TO
FIND SUITABLE LOAD-BEARING
GROUND OF AT LEAST 1.5M DEPTH,
STRIP FOUNDATIONS MAY BE
SUITABLE. A REINFORCED RAFT
FOUNDATION WILL LIKELY BE
REQUIRED
FIBRISTS HISTOSOLS
PEAT
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

15. TYPE
• Saline
• The soil in extremely dry regions
is usually brackish because of its
high salt content. Known as
saline soil, it can cause damage
to and stall plant growth, impede
germination, and cause
difficulties in irrigation.
• The salinity is due to the buildup
of soluble salts in the
rhizosphere—high salt contents
prevent water uptake by plants,
leading to drought stress.

16. • TAMPING ENERGY IS IMPORTANT ON
REINFORCEMENT EFFECT TO THE LAST THREE
METHODS AND RELATED DIRECTLY TO THE
VALUES OF THE STRENGTHENED BEARING
CAPACITY AND DEFORMATION MODULUS.
• THE DCR METHOD AND GRAVEL PILES
METHOD MENTIONED ABOVE ARE USEFUL
ON REDUCING THE SETTLEMENT OF NATURAL
SALINE SOILS FOUNDATION. IN RECENT
YEARS, A LOT OF GROUND TREATMENT
METHODS ARE WIDELY USED TO
CONSOLIDATE SOFT SOIL FOUNDATION FOR
ITS SHORT PERIOD AND SIMPLE
CONSTRUCTION AND SO ON. NUMEROUS
SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS HAVE OBTAINED
USEFUL RESULTS AND EXPERIENCE FROM DCR
AND GRAVEL PILES FOUNDATION TREATMENT
OF SOFT SOIL
https://www.scientific.net/AMR.622-623.1721
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

17. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS

18. • METAMORPHIC
•
METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE
FORMED UNDER THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH FROM THE
METAMORPHOSIS (CHANGE) THAT
OCCURS DUE TO INTENSE HEAT
AND PRESSURE (SQUEEZING). THE
ROCKS THAT RESULT FROM THESE
PROCESSES OFTEN HAVE RIBBON
LIKE LAYERS AND MAY HAVE SHINY
CRYSTALS, FORMED BY MINERALS
GROWING SLOWLY OVER TIME, ON
THEIR SURFACE.
EXAMPLES OF THIS ROCK TYPE
INCLUDE GNEISS AND MARBLE.

19. • GNEISS ROCK
• ORNAMENTAL
STONE. METAMORPHIC GNEISS HAS MANY
USES AS A BUILDING MATERIAL SUCH AS
FLOORING, ORNAMENTAL STONES,
GRAVESTONES, FACING STONES ON
BUILDINGS AND WORK SURFACES
• HOW IS A GNEISS ROCK FORMED?
• GNEISS IS A HIGH GRADE METAMORPHIC
ROCK, MEANING THAT IT HAS BEEN
SUBJECTED TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES
AND PRESSURES THAN SCHIST. IT
IS FORMED BY THE METAMORPHOSIS OF
GRANITE, OR SEDIMENTARY
ROCK. GNEISS DISPLAYS DISTINCT
FOLIATION, REPRESENTING ALTERNATING
LAYERS COMPOSED OF DIFFERENT
MINERALS.
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

20. • SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• ONE OF THE THREE MAIN ROCK GROUPS
(ALONG WITH IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC
ROCKS) AND IS FORMED IN FOUR MAIN WAYS:
BY THE DEPOSITION OF THE WEATHERED
REMAINS OF OTHER ROCKS (KNOWN AS
'CLASTIC' SEDIMENTARY ROCKS); BY THE
ACCUMULATION AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF
SEDIMENTS; BY THE DEPOSITION OF THE
RESULTS OF BIOGENIC ACTIVITY; AND BY
PRECIPITATION FROM SOLUTION.
• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS COVER 75% OF THE
EARTH'S SURFACE. ... SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS AREFORMED FROM OVERBURDEN
PRESSURE AS PARTICLES OF SEDIMENT ARE
DEPOSITED OUT OF AIR, ICE, OR WATER FLOWS
CARRYING THE PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION.

21. ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

22. • IGNEOUS ROCKS
• IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM FROM
THE SOLIDIFICATION OF MAGMA
(MOLTEN ROCK). A REMINDER: MAGMA
IS MOLTEN ROCK BENEATH THE
EARTH'S SURFACE AND LAVA IS MAGMA
THAT IS ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE. THE
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IGNEOUS
ROCK ARE CRYSTAL SIZE (GRAIN SIZE)
AND TEXTURE.
• BASALT IS AN EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
USED IN CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS AND
STATUES. EXTRUSIVE ROCKSARE ALSO
REFERRED AS VOLCANIC ROCKS BECAUSE
VOLCANOES ARE IMPORTANT IN THEIR
FORMATION. WHEN MAGMA COOLS AND
HARDENS BELOW THE EARTH'S SURFACE,
AN INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK FORMS.

23. ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

24. ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
• THE EARTH IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR
COMPONENTS THAT ALL INTERACT
TOGETHER.
• ATMOSPHERE (AIR)
• HYDROSPHERE (WATER)
• GEOSPHERE
(ROCK, SOIL AND SEDIMENT)
• Pyschosphere: defined as that
connected to the humanity.
1. ECOSPHERE
2. HYDROSPHERE
3. LITHOSPHERE
4. BIOSPHERE
5. ATMOSPHERE

25. Dividing According To Atmospheric
Levels
i. Atmosphere surrounds the earth in layers:
ii. Lower atmosphere at ground level
iii. Troposphere from 20 km from earth
iv. Stratosphere from 40 km ionosphere from 60 km
v. Outer space with no atmosphere.

26. LANDFORMS ~ COMPONENTS
• PLATEAU : It’s a flat area higher than the land around it.
• CANYON : It’s a deep valley with very steep sides.
• OASIS : It’s an isolated place in the desert where there is vegetation. Most often,
this occurs around a source of water.
• CAVE : A cave is a natural underground hollow space. They can have narrow
passageways and chambers.
• GULF : It’s a large bay that is an arm of an ocean or sea.
• CLIFF : It’s a vertical or very steep natural wall of rock.
• COAST : Areas of land that come in direct contact with oceans.
• ISLAND : Areas that are completely surrounded by water.
• ARCHIPELAGO : It’s a chain or a group of islands.
• PENINSULA : Area of land surrounded by water on three sides

27. • SWAMP : They are forested, low, spongy land generally saturated with water
and covered with trees and aquatic plants.
• BEACH :A beach is a landform along the coast of an ocean, sea, lake, or river.
• PLAIN : It’s a large area of land with no hills or mountains.
• PRAIRIE : It’s a type of habitat with mostly grasses, but also flowering plants,
shrubs or isolated trees.
• GLACIER : A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the
snow in that area does not melt in the summers.
• RIVER : Is a stream of water that flows through a passage in the surface of
the ground.
• DELTA : A river delta is a landform where the mouth of a river flows into
an ocean, sea, lake or another river.
• LAGOON : It’s a body of salt water partly separated from the sea.
• OCEAN : It’s a large area of salt water between continents.
• CHANNEL : It’s a connection between two bodies of water.
• STRAIT : It’s a narrow channel of water that connects two land masses.
• WATERFALL : It’s a body of water that rushes down a steep ledge.
• LAKE : It’s a body of water surrounded by land.
• BAY : A body of water with land on three sides.
• SEA : It’s a large area of salt water which is part of an ocean.

28. VEGETATION
FOREST GRASSLAND
TUNDRA
DESERT ICE SHEET

29. TYPES OF VEGETATION

30. FOREST
• Forests are areas with trees grouped in a way so their
leaves, or foliage, shade the ground. Forests can be
found just about anywhere trees can grow, from
below sea level to high in the mountains. From
tropical rain forests near the Equator to boreal forests
in cold climates close to the Arctic Circle, different
types of forests can be found all over the world.
• Sometimes forests are classified by the type of leaves
on their trees. Trees in broad-leaved forests have
wide, flat leaves. Tropical rain forests are a type of
broad-leaved forest. Tropical rain forests, such as
Brazil’s Amazon Basin rain forest, are found near the
Equator. They contain more than half of the
world’s biodiversity, or variety of plant and animal
species.

31. GRASSLANDS
• Grasslands are, as their name suggests, flat and open areas where grasses
are the dominant type of vegetation. Grasslands can be found on every
continent except Antarctica.
• Climate plays a role in the type of grassland you get. In cool, mild
climates, like northwest Europe, grasslands are dominated by tough
vegetation, such as oats, that thrives all year. Some of these grasses are
so tough and hardy that they are considered weeds.
• In warmer climates, seasonal vegetation survives better. Temperate
grasslands exist where there are seasonal variations in temperature over
the course of the year: hot summers and cold winters. Different
grasses thrive in different temperatures here. Temperate grasslands exist
from the prairies of North America to the veld, or rural grassland, of
South Africa.

32. TUNDRA
• Tundra is an area where tree growth is difficult because of cold
temperatures and short seasons. Vegetation in tundra is limited to a
few shrubs, grasses, and mosses. Scientists estimate roughly 1,700
different species live in the tundra, which isn’t much compared to
forests and grasslands. The ground is often too cold for plants to set
down roots, and without plants, few animal species can survive.
• There are two types of tundra: alpine tundra and arctic tundra. Alpine
tundra is separated from a forest vegetation region by the tree line, the
area beyond which conditions are too harsh or cold for tree growth.
The weather in alpine tundras is cold, snowy, and windy. Most of
the Tibetan Plateau, the so-called “roof of the world” located in Tibet,
China, and India, is alpine tundra. Animals like mountain goats live in
this vegetation region

33. DESERTS
• A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and
consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the
ground to the processes of denudation. About one third of the land
surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. Deserts are formed
by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between
day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in
pieces.

34. TROPICAL EVERGREEN
• It is a plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year.
Found in the coastal areas, these forests grow in areas
where rainfall is more than 200 cm. The trees in these
forests never shed their leaves all at a time in any part of
the year. So that during the dry-season, trees in these
forests do not shed their leaves due to lack of sub-soil
water supply. The trees in these belts have dense growth
• Example : Mahogany has a straight, fine, and even grain,
and is relatively free of voids and pockets. Its reddish-
brown color darkens over time, and displays a reddish
sheen when polished. It has excellent workability, and is
very durable. These properties make it a favorable wood for
crafting cabinets and furniture.

35. DECIDUOS OR MONSOON FORESTS
• These forests are found in areas where the rainfall is
between 100 cm and 200 cm. The trees of these forests
shed their leaves during dry-winter and dry-summer.
These forests supply valuable timber.
• Example : Teak is still the golden standard when it comes
to outdoor seating and furniture. Because of Teak’s great
weathering capabilities, it’s a very popular as a classic
long lasting outdoor furniture material and even longer
in indoor applications. It provides warmth when used
for flooring.
• From baseboards to crown moldings, teak is used to
create beautiful interior spaces and also as components
to be used for windows or doors.

36. DRY DECIDUOUS AND SCRUBS
• These forests grow in areas where the
rainfall is between 50 cm and 100 cm.
Dwarf deciduous trees and long-grasses
grow in these regions.
• Example : Contorted hazelnut may
actually be at its best in winter: without
any leaves in the way, you can better
appreciate the madcap twists and turns of
its branches.
• Example : Japanese maples are dwarf
trees useful in planning a small yard
design and in green landscaping.

37. MOUNTAIN FORESTS
• Mountain forests vary considerably according to
altitude with varying rainfall and temperature along
the slopes of mountain. On higher slopes, coniferous
trees, such as, pine, fir, oak, maple, deodar and
cedar grow. Junipers are found at an even higher
altitude. Beyond these vegetation-belts, alpine
grasslands appear up to be a snowfield.
• Example : Softwood - typically used in construction
as structural timber, as well as finishing timber. Also
found in building components (windows, doors),
furniture, medium-density fiberboard (MDF). It is
less expensive and has a faster growth rate but is
less fire resistant.

38. INFERENCES (NATURAL COMPONENTS)
• The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living
things occurring naturally. This environment encompasses the
interaction of all living species, climate, weather, and natural
resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The
concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by
components:
• Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without
massive civilized human intervention, including all
vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural
phenomena that occur within their boundaries and their nature
• Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack
clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well
as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating
from civilized human activity.

39. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Ecological footprint (EF) is an
amount of human demand on
earth’s ecosystems. EF number
shows us the amount of
productive land and water which
are required for the humankind’s
consumption in order to
produce energy and natural
resources and to absorb the
waste humans create. Leaving
no ecological footprint would
mean that humans gives back to
the environment just as much as
he’s taking.

40. MANMADE COMPONENTS
• There are several components of environment,
which are created by man. Environment is complete
with natural and man made environment together,
the latter including crop fields, cities, industrial
space, zoo, dams, aquariums etc. These are the
places, which are artificially made by man by
planned manipulation.
• Example : Residences of city people are made up of
bricks and cement, not of mud with thatched roof
like the people living onto the rural side. A park or
little garden is a man made ecosystem in our back
yards is another example.