World malaria day

1. MALARIA

2. Malaria
• A protozoan infection characterized by
paroxysms of chills, fever, and
sweating, and by anemia,
splenomegaly, and a chronic relapsing
course.

3. Etiology
• Eukaryota (organisms with nucleated
cells),Kingdom Protista, Phylum Protozoa, Class
Sporozoa.
The species
• Plasmodium falciparum (is the
most dangerous),
• P vivax,
• P malariae,
• P ovale.

4. Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

5. Epidemiology
AFRICA, ASIA, LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN
Tropics, subtropics, fringes of temperate forests

6. Transmission
• Man is the only important reservoir
• Vector is female Anopheles mosquito
 Transmission also possible through:
1. Blood transfusion
2. Contaminated needle
3. Organ transplant
4. Congenital

7. Pathogenesis
• The fever and chills of malaria are associated with
the rupture of erythrocyticstage schizonts.
• In severe falciparum malaria, parasitized red cells
may obstruct capillaries and postcapillary venules,
leading to local hypoxia and the release of toxic
cellular products.
• Obstruction of the microcirculation in the brain
(cerebral malaria) and in other vital organs is
thought to be responsible for severe complications

8. The incubation period is usually 10 to 35 days.
• Incubation period (the time from the initial
malaria infection until symptoms appear)
generally ranges from:
• 9 to 14 days for P. falciparum
• 12 to 18 days for P. vivax and P. ovale
• 18 to 40 days for P. malariae

9. Acute Symptoms
• Classical cyclic paroxysm:
– Cold stage: chills and shaking
– Hot stage: warm, headache, vomiting
– Sweating stage: weakness
– Feel well for period of time, then cycle repeats
itself

10. • The three stages are
often repeated the
following day, two days
later, or at some later
time. In many cases, a
person experiences a
repetition of the stages
again and again during
their lifetime. Some
people go many years
before the symptoms
repeat.

11. Child with cerebral malaria
Child with severe malarial anaemia

12. Presentation
• Fever 96%
• Chills 96%
• Headache 79%
• Muscle Pain 60%
• Palpable liver 33%
• Palpable Spleen 28%
• Nausea or vomiting 23%
• Abdominal pain/diarrhea 6%

13. DIAGNOSIS
1. microscopic examination of the blood -
Giemsa-stained thick and thin peripheral
blood smears
2. CBC (complete blood count) – anemia
3. Polymerase chain reaction

14. Malarial merozoites in the peripheral blood.

15. This micrograph illustrates the trophozoite form, or immature-ring form,
of the malarial parasite within peripheral erythrocytes.

16. Treatment
• CHLOROQUINE
• Quinine and DOXYCYCLINE
• MEFLOQUINE
• PRIMAQUINE

17. Points of Attack
1. Attack the parasite in the human host
2. Reduce contact between humans and
mosquitoes
3. Decrease mosquito population

18. Attack The Parasite In The
Human Host
• Treat malaria infections with effective
medications
• Use prophylactic drugs to prevent
illness and/or infection

19. Attack The Parasite In The Human
Host
• Chemoprophylaxis is based on current drug
resistance patterns
• MEFLOQUINE first line prophylaxis
– Mefloquine 250 mg po q week, 1-2 wks prior to 4 wks
after
• DOXYCYCLINE as second line drug
– Doxy 100 mg po qd, 2 days prior to 4 wks after
• PRIMAQUINE
– 30 mg* po qd x 14 days terminal prophylaxis
*15 mg per FDA and drug product information insert

20. Reduce Contact Between
Humans And Mosquitoes
• Personal protective measures
– Proper wearing of uniform
– PERMETHRIN
– Bed nets

21. Decrease Mosquito Population
• Surveillance of mosquito populations
• Identify and eliminate breeding sites
• Proper insecticide application
– Attack larval stages
– Attack adult mosquito