thinking, reason, problem solving,metacognition

2. COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

3. THINKING

4. Thinking means changing and
reorganizing the information stored in
memory to create new information.

5. NATURE OF THINKING
It is essentially a cognitive activity.
It is always directed towards achieving some
purpose.
It is described as a problem-solving
behaviour.
It is a symbolic activity.

6. TYPES OF THINKING

7. Perceptual or Concrete Thinking
It is based on perception.
 Perception is the process of interpretation of
sensation according to one’s experience.
 It is also called concrete thinking as it is carried
over the perception of actual or concrete & events.

8. Conceptual or Abstract Thinking
It does not require the perception of actual objects or
events.
 It is also called abstract thinking as it makes the use of
concepts or abstract ideas.
It is superior to perceptual thinking's as it economizes
efforts in understanding & helps in discovery & invention
Language plays an important part in conceptual thinking.

9. Reflective Thinking
• Reflective thinking is thinking about one’s own
thinking.

10. Creative Thinking
This type of thinking, as the name
suggests, is associated with one’s
ability to create or construct
something new, novel, or unusual.

11. Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined
process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing,
applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating
information gathered from, or generated by,
observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or
communication, as a guide to belief and action.

13. Non–Directed or Associative Thinking
It is essentially a directed thinking which pertains to
reasoning and problem solving procedures aimed at
meeting specific goals.
 However, there are times when we find ourselves
engaged in a unique type of thinking which is non-
directed and without goal .

14. Conceptual
Reflective
Creative
Critical
Non-Directed
Perceptual

16. GARRETT
Reasoning is a step- wise
thinking with a purpose or
goal in the mind.

17. STEPS
Identification of the goal
Search for the various possibilities.
Selection of the most appropriate possibility
or solution
Testing the validity of the selected possibility
or solution

18. Reasoning
Deductive
Conditioned Categorical Linear
Inductive

20. III. PROBLEM SOLVING

21. SKINNER
“ Problem Solving is a process of
overcoming difficulties that appear to
interfere with the attainment of a goal. It
is a procedure of making adjustment in
spite of interferences.”

22. STEPS
Problem Awareness
Problem Understanding
Collection of the Relevant Information
Formulation of Hypothesis
Selection of the Correct Solution
Verification of the Concluded Solution or
Hypothesis

24. Metacognition is a form of cognition, a second
higher order thinking process which involves active
control over cognitive process.
 It can be simply defined as thinking about thinking
or as a person’s cognition about cognition.

26. John Flavell
1975

27. METACOGNITIVE SKILLS
Taking conscious control of learning
Planning and selecting strategies
Monitoring the progress of learning
Correcting errors
Analyzing the effectiveness of learning strategies
Changing leaning behaviours and strategies

28. METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES
Connecting new information to former knowledge
Selecting thinking strategies
Planning, monitoring, and evaluating thinking
process

29. ADVANTAGES
Metacognition enhances and enriches the
learning experience
Metacognition provides self-monitoring
Metacognition develops higher learning and
problem solving skills

30. DISADVANTAGES
Poor self-esteem
Difficulty in problem solving
Poor language and communication skills