Intracellular accumulations

1. DEGENERATIONS
(dystrophy)

2. Degeneration (dystrophy)
is a pathological process due to
disturbance of either cellular or
tissue metabolism which causes
changes in the structure of cells,
tissues, etc.

3. Trophism mechanisms are cellular and
extracellular:
cellular: autoregulation (enzymes)
extracellular: transportation systems
(blood, lymph); endocrine regulation;

4. Morphogenetic mechanisms of degenerations:
 infiltration: abundant invasion of metabolite
products from the transportation system to the cell
followed by their accumulation;
 decomposition: destruction of cellular
ultrastructure (lipoprotein complex from cellular
membranes) with accumulation within a cell;
 abnormal synthesis: intracellular synthesis of the
substances which are not produced normally (e.g.
amyloid);
 transformation: formation of products of one type
of metabolism from the common primary products,
e.g. increased polymerization of glycogen from
glucose.

5. Classification of degenerations
 According to the localization:
a) parenchymatous (intracellular accumulation),
b) mesenchymatous (extracellular accumulation),
c) mixed type.
 According to the type of metabolism disturbance:
a) albuminous (protein),
b) fatty (adipose), (lipidosis),
c) carbohydrate,
d) mineral
 According to the origin:
a) acquired,
b) heriteted.
 According to propagation
a) general,
b) local.

6. Parenchymatous degenerations
Parenchymatous albuminous
degenerations (dysproteinoses)

7. The modern classification of
parenchymatous albuminous
degenerations:
1) hyalin-drop
2) hydropic (edematous, balloon)

8. Hyalin-drop degeneration
Microscopically: rounded, eosinophilic
droplets, vacuoles, or aggregates in the
cytoplasm
Macroscopically: organs enlarged,
flabby, grey colour on section
Localizations: kidney, liver,
myocardium

10. Hydropic degeneration
 Microscopically: large vacuoles of cytoplasm
fluid in the cytoplasm, the nucleus which
displaced to the peripheral areas
 Macroscopically: organs enlarged, flabby,
grey colour on section
 Localizations: kidneys, skin, liver, muscles,
nerves

11. Horny degeneration
abundant formation of horny substance
in keratinized epithelium
(hyperkeratosis and ichtyosis)
appearance of horny substance in the
places where is not found under normal
conditions (leukoplakias)

13. Parenchymatous degenerations
Parenchymatous fatty
degenerations

14. Manifestation
of disturbance of fat metabolism:
appearance of fat in the place where it
does not appear under normal
conditions (e.g. in the myocardium),
appearance of fat of unusual
composition;
increase of fat amount in the places
where it is present under normal
conditions (e.g. in the fat depots).

15. Hypoxia - the main cause of fatty
degeneration
disturbances in transportation systems
(e.g. in patient with chronic
cardiovascular and chronic pulmonary
insufficiency);
chronic intoxications (e.g. alcoholism);
cachexia, avitaminosis;
infections (e.g. diphtheria, tuberculosis).

19. Parenchymatous degenerations
Parenchymatous carbohydrate
degenerations

20. Glycogen metabolism disturbance
increase or reduction in the amount in
the tissues where it is present under
normal conditions,
its appearance in the areas where it is not
present under normal conditions

21. Storage diseases
(enzymopathy)
proteinoses
lipidosis
glucogenoses

22. Thank you for your attention