1. EMERGING BRANCHES OF SCIENCE :
Submitted by,
Nikhitha. P. S
Natural Science
MTTC Pathanapuram
MOUNT TABOR TRAINING COLLEGE PATHANAPURAM
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Submitted to,
Dr. Asha K Thomas
Assistant Professor
EDU 04.9 : THEORETICAL BASE OF NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION
4. Recombinant DNA technology - Boyer & Cohen in
1973.
Biotechnology considered as two :
Old biotechnology - fermentation, baking
alcohol production etc.
Modern biotechnology - cell cultures, cell fusion
genetic engineering etc.
5. BRANCHES
Animal biotechnology -- Transgenic animals
Plant biotechnology -- Transgenic plants
Medical biotechnology -- Recombinant vaccine,
valuable drugs etc.
Industrial biotechnology -- Alcohol,enzymes
Blue biotechnology -- Marine & Aquatic
applications
Environmental biotechnology -- Use of microbes
7. APPLICATIONS
In Medicine
Recombinant Insulin - Cloning of human insulin
genes
Isolated from E.Coli cells
Gene Therapy - Treat genetic diseases
Insertion of normal genes
With the help of vectors
Molecular Diagnosis - rDNA technology, PCR etc.
Pharmacogenomics - Production of drugs
for cancer, depression,
HIV.
Edible vaccines - Inactive pathogens
8.
9. In Industries
Alcoholic fermentation - Saccharomyces cervisiae
Production of Organic acids :
Citric acid - sucrose & molasess
Lactic acid - sugar
Production of Vinegar - 2 step & 2 organisms
Production of Vitamins - Vitamin B12
Streptomyces & Bacillus
Production of Enzymes - Amalyse & Zymase etc.
10. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on
an atomic and molecular state.
The prefix "Nano" derived from Greek word means
"Dwarf".
Technology related to the delibrate designing,
construction, characterization and utilization of functional
structures, devices and systems through the control of
matter at atomic or molecular scale.
One nanometer is equal to one billionth of meter.
11. Richard Feynman's Concept
First ever concept of nanotechnology is introduced by the
renowned physicist Richard Feynman in 1959.
At an American physical society meeting.
Speech entitled " There is plenty of room at the bottom "
Feynman hypothesised that atoms and molecules
could be manipulated like building blocks.
The term " Nanotechnology " - coined by Nario Taniguchi
in 1974.
13. NANOMATERIAL
Nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension
in nano meter scale (1 to 100 nm).
It can be divided into 2 :
Non-intentionally made
Nanoparticles belong naturally to environment
Eg : protein, virus etc.
Produced by human activity, Eg: diesel combustion
Intentionally made
Produced through fabrication process.
15. NANOPARTICLE
Nanoparticles are sub-micron-scale particles with at
least one dimension less than 100nm.
Includes nano powders, nanoclusters, nanocrystals.
Usually spherical.
Particles may be solid or hollow.
Examples includes
Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
Quantum dots
Dendrimers
Nanowires etc.
16.
17. Dendrimers
Nanosized polymer - transfecting agents
First reported - 1998 - Richard crooks, et al.
Porous structure
Targeting of cancer cells, drug delivery, imaging etc.
Nanowires
Have nano scale diameters - several microns long.
Metallic - act as electric conductors.
Biosensors - using silicon conductor nanowires.
Real time detection & titration of antibodies
Virus detection, sensors for monitoring food, water and air.
18. APPLICATIONS
In Cancer Therapy
Destroy cancer cells with highly targeted package of
"tumour busing" genes.
Deliver directly to cancer tissue.
CNT are effective - kidney & breast cancer
Dendrimers and liposomes targets specific cancer cells.
In Electronics
Improve performance of electric device
Fabrication of chips - Nanolithography
Dense memory devices
19. In Fabrics
Nano-sized whiskers - water & stain repellent
In manufacturing bullet proof jackets
Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial
fabrics
In Food
Food processing
Food packaging
Supplements
In Agriculture
Nano capsule - Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers etc.
Nano sensors - Soil conditions & crop growth
Nanochips - Identify preservation & tracking
20. DEMERITS
Nanotechnology
Cell damage
Cross the blood brain
barrier
Nano-bomb
Creation of power full
weapon - Lethal & non-
lethal
Loss of traditional method
Increase in aristocracies
21. REFERENCES
Dubey, R. C. (2009) Multicolour Textbook of
Biotechnology.4th Edition, S.Chand and Co., New
Delhi, 71-80
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). National
Science and Technology Council. Committe of
Technology, Subcommittee of Nanoscience, National
Technology Institute strategic plan www.nano.gov
(2011,accessed 25 Aug 2015)