Major Function: Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.

1. Dr. NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
CEO of CHG
MBChB,DCM,BCSIT,CCNA
Supported BY

2. Male Reproductive System
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells
(gametes) and
transfer the sperm
into the female
reproductive
system in order to
fertilize the female
gametes to
produce a zygote.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 2

3. MALE EXTERNAL GENITAL
• Scrotum
– Main content is the testis
• Penis
• Penile Urethra
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 3

4. Scrotum
• A pouch of skin that hangs
from the body below the
perineum.
• It is a saccular extension of
the anterior abdominal wall
• Contains two testes and their
Spermatic cords.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 4

5. Scrotum
• .
• The scrotum has a temperature of about
93.2F (the rest of the body is usually
98.6F)
• Sperm formation occurs most rapidly at
this cooler temp
• Inside the scrotum are coverings of the
testes. They are continuous with the
anterior abdominal wall and going from
superficial to deep these layers are:
– External spermatic fascia – from the External
oblique muscle
– Cremasteric muscle and fascia – from the
internal oblique muscle
– Internal spermatic fascia- from the ttansversalis
fascia
– Tunica vaginalis is the peritoneal sac that
partially encloses the testes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 5

6. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 6

7. Scrotum
– The skin is wrinkled and
pigmented. Its superficial fascia is
devoid of fat
– Two muscles associated with the
scrotum include
– Dartos muscle
• Elevates testes and wrinkles
scrotal surface when the
temperature is low
– Cremaster muscle
• Pulls testes closer to body
during sexual arousal or cold
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 7

8. Blood supply
• Posterior scrotal branches of
the perineal artery: Arise from
the internal pudendal artery
which is a branch on the internal
iliac artery.
• Anterior scrotal branches of the
external pudendal artery: The
external pudendal artery
branches directly from
the femoral artery, a continuation
of the external iliac artery.
• Cremasteric artery: A branch of
the inferior epigastric artery,
which arises from the external
iliac artery.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 8

9. Nerve
supply
• Genital branch of the genitofemoral
nerve: Arising from the lumbar plexus,
supplies the anterolateral surface of the
scrotum.
• Anterior scrotal nerves: These are
branches of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
from the lumbar plexus. They supply the
anterior surface of the scrotum.
• Posterior scrotal nerves: Arise from the
perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
(S2-4) which forms from the sacral plexus.
They supply the posterior surface of the
scrotum.
• Perineal branch of the Posterior
cutaneous nerve of thigh, it suppleis the
inferior surface
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 9

10. Dissection view showing superficial and deeper
features of the scrotum, testes, and related structures
Inguinal ligament
Superficial inguinal ring
Cremaster muscle
Scrotum containing the
dartos muscle
Inguinal canal
Nerve
Artery
Venous plexus
Ductus deferens
Spermatic
cords
Scrotal septum
Scrotal cavity
Raphe
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 10

11. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 11

12. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 12

13. TESTIS
• The testis is primary reproductive
organs of the male reproductive
system.
• The testis is the male gonad which is
homologous with the ovary of the
female.
• They produce sex hormones called
ANDROGENS
• Each testis is an oval structure
about 5 cm long and 3 cm in
diameter
• An adult testis weight about 10 to 15
gm.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 13

14. The testis………..
• The testes develops retroperitoneal on the
posterior abdominal wall and descend into the
scrotum just before birth
• During development its decent is believed to
be guided by the Posterior gonad ligament
(Gubernaculum) – as the body grows the
gubernaculum does not, thus testis is drawn
downward through the inguinal canal and
finally into the scrotum.
• The mullerian inhibiting hormone produced by
the developing testes is Involved in this
transabdominal migration
• If the testes fail to descend the production of
testosterone persists but spermatozoa cannot
be produced Gubernac
ulum
testes
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 14

15. The Testes……………………
• A fibrous capsule which covers
each testis is called the tunica
albuginea.
• Each testes is enclosed by the
tunica vaginalis, a continuation
of the peritoneum that lines the
abdominopelvic cavity.
• The testis is finally suspended in
the scrotum by the spermatic
cord and anchored to the floor of
the scrotum by the scrotal
ligament which is the remnant of
the gubernaculum testes.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 15

16. Testicle……….
16
The tunica albuginea gives rise to
septa (partitions) that divide the
testis into lobules (about 250 to 400)
Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly
coiled seminiferous tubules
These converge to become rete
testis
– Rete testis (collecting area outside of
lobules)
– Efferent ductules (lead from rete
testis to epididymis)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille

17. Vascular Supply
• The main arterial supply to the testes
and epididymis is via
– the paired testicular arteries, which
arise directly from the abdominal aorta.
They descend down the abdomen, and
pass into the scrotum via the inguinal
canal, contained within the spermatic
cord.
– the cremasteric artery from the inferior
epigastric artery and
– the artery of the vas deferens (from
the inferior vesical artery). These
branches give anastomoses to the main
testicular artery.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 17

18. Venous drainage
• Venous drainage is
achieved via the
paired testicular
veins. They are formed
from the pampiniform
plexus in the scrotum
• The left testicular vein
drains into the left renal
vein, while the right
testicular vein drains
directly into the inferior
vena cava.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 18

19. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 19

20. Abnormalities in testis migration:
Cryptorchism
• Cryptorchidism is failure of the
testis to completely descend
into the scrotum.
• The term is derived from the
Greek words kryptos and orchis,
meaning “hidden testis.”
• Cryptorchism “abdominal” testis –is
detrimental to spermatogenesis and
normal testicular metabolism
• Leads to arrested spermatogenesis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 20

21. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 21

22. Seminiferous Tubules
• Sperm is produced in this
network of tubules called
seminiferous tubules by the
process of spermatogenesis
• Interstitial cells (cells of
Leydig), which produce male
sex hormones, are located
between the seminiferous
tubules within a lobule.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 22

23. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 23

24. Epididymis
• The epididymis holds the
testes in place and connects
the testes to the Vas Deferens.
• Consists anatomically :
* Head (CAPUT)
* Body (CORPUS)
* Tail (CAUDA)
Located the upper , posterior and
lower portions of the testis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 24

25. Epididymis
• a long tube (about 6 meters)
• Its head joins the efferent ductules and
caps the superior aspect of the testis
• Its tail continues with the vas deferens
Consists histologically :
*Its epithelium is pseudostratified stereo-
ciliated columnar with many smooth
muscle fibers and elastic C.T. with
fibrous connective tissue stroma.
(Stereo cilia are more like giant
microvilli they are not true cilia. Stereo
means solid)
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26. 26
Epididymis…………………..
Sperm that leave the testes are immature
and incapable of fertilizing ova. They
complete their maturation process and
become fertile as they move through the
epididymis.
Mature sperm are stored in the lower
portion, or tail, of the epididymis
Upon ejaculation the epididymis
contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus
deferens
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille

27. Function
• Sperm transport
• Sperm storage : Mainly in the
tail (up to 60 days motile and
fertile)
• Sperm maturation :Sperm
undergo functional
maturation here for 2 weeks
• Sperm absorption : In
prolonged sexual rest
• Secrets glyceryl-
phosphorylcholine which
metabolized by sperm in
female genitalia for gaining
more energy during
capacitation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 27

28. Vas Deferens
• Cord like structure from end of
ductus epididymis to ejaculatory
duct at Cilliculua Seminalis in the
anterior portion of pelvic urethra
dorsal to the neck of the urinary
bladder
• Each ductus is 30-45 cm in
length
• Drains the testes and epididymis,
by carrying sperm to the pelvic
cavity.
• The epithelium is pseudo
stratified columnar
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 28

29. The anatomical course of the vas
deferens is as follows:
• It is continuous with the tail of the
epididymis.
• Travels through the inguinal canal, as
part of the spermatic cord.
• Moves down the lateral pelvic wall
close to the ischial spine.
• Turns medially to pass between the
bladder and the ureter and then
travels downward on the posterior
surface of the bladder.
• The inferior narrow part of the
ampulla joins the duct from the
seminal vesicle to form
the ejaculatory duct.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 29

30. Function of V D
• Transport sperm at the time of
ejaculation. The smooth muscle in
its wall is arranged in 3 layers Inner
and outer longitudinal and a middle
circular
• Partial reservoir in the ampulla
• Nutrition to stored sperm
• stores viable sperm for up to 3
months.
• May absorb dead sperm
• May contain large number of sperm
equal to an ejaculate but after
vasotomy, It will take about 20
ejaculations for sperm to be
completely flushed out of the VD.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 30

31. ACCESSORY
GLANDS
• The accessory glands
include
– the seminal vesicles,
– prostate gland, and
– the bulbourethral
glands.
• These glands secrete
fluids that form the
semen.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 31

32. Seminal Vesicles
• The seminal vesicles are sac-
shaped glands located next to
the ampullae of the ductus
deferentia.
• Each gland is about 5 cm long
and tapers into a short duct
that joins the ductus deferens
to form the ejaculatory duct.
• The epithelium is
pseudostratified columnar or
simple columnar
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 32

33. Function of Seminal Vesicle
• Secrete main volume of seminal plasma (65%) which act as
a vehicle to sperm activity
• Secrete fructose, for energy to sperm
• Secrete citric acid as buffer to sperm
• Secrete potassium and sodium ion to control the
equilibrium of osmotic pressure
• Secrete Flavin which give yellow coloration sometimes to
normal ejaculate
• Stimulates flagellum movement in spermatozoa
» First step of capacitation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 33

34. Prostate
• It is a firm, dense structure
located just inferior to the
urinary bladder.
• It encircles the urethra as it
leaves the urinary bladder.
• Numerous short ducts from
the prostate gland empty into
the prostatic urethra.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 34

35. Function of Prostate :
• The secretions of the prostate are thin and milky colored.
• They enhance the motility of the sperm.
• Secrete large amount of minerals that regulate the buffering
system of seminal plasma
• Secrete amino acids and other elements for sperm nutrition
• Its alkaline secretion helps to neutralize the acidic environment of
the vagina
• Proteolytic enzymes: acts to "decoagulate"
the semen that was coagulated by seminal
vesicle secretions, which helps the sperm
begin their journey once inside the vagina
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 35

36. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's)
• Small and oval in shape, located
near the base of the penis.
• A short duct which enters the
proximal end of the penile urethra.
• In response to sexual stimulation, it
secretes a clean alkaline mucus-like
fluid which is also a natural lubricant
• Its secretion neutralize traces of
acidic urine in the penile urethra
prior to ejaculation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 36

37. Produced: Seminiferous
tubules
Stored: Epididymis
Transported through
epididymis by rhythmic
peristaltic contractions as
they mature
Epididymis Vas Deferens
 Ejaculatory duct (ampulla
of vas deferens fuses with
duct of seminal vesicle
“ejaculatory duct”)  prostate
prostatic urethra (then
passes the bulbourethral
gland) membranous
urethra  penile urethra
Sperm Summary
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 37

38. Seminal Fluid or Semen
• a slightly alkaline mixture of sperm cells and
secretions from the accessory glands.
• The volume of semen in a single ejaculation
may vary from 1.5 to 6.0 ml.
• There are between 50 to 150 million sperm
per milliliter of semen.
• Sperm counts below 10 to 20 million
spermatozoa per milliliter usually present
fertility problems.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 38

39. Penis
• Penis (conducts urine to
exterior and semen to female
vagina during intercourse)
– Root (fixed portion attached to
body wall)
– Body or shaft (movable, tubular
part)
– Glans or head (expanded end
around urethral opening)
• Neck (between shaft and glans)
• Prepuce (foreskin)
– Smegma (waxy secretion)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 39

40. Figure 25.5 2
Penis layers (superficial to deep): Outer skin (similar to scrotum), Dermis has smooth muscle continuous
with dartos, Underlying areolar tissue allows skin to move, Elastic tissue (encircling internal structures)
Superficial and deep
dorsal veins of penis
Deep artery
of penis
Erectile tissues
Urethra
Skin
Dermis
Areolar tissue
Dense network of elastic fibers
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum
Tissue Layers of the Penis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 40

41. Penis……….
Three cylindrical bodies:
• Corpora cavernosa – two erectile
bodies enclosed by a dense white
fibrous capsule: tunica albuginea.
• Corpus spongiosum – ventrally
(corpus cavernosum urethrae)
containing the spongy urethra,
ending in the glans penis
• Crura – attached to the conjoint
rami of pubis and ischium.
Root: bulb+crura+bulbospongiosus m.)
body
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 41

42. Blood supply of the penis
• Two dorsalis penile aa. –terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery
• Deep arteries (cavernous artery) – paired, principal artery supplying the
cavernous spaces
• Bulbourethral artery– spongy urtethra (internal pudendal)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 42

43. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 43

44. Venous drainage
• Superficial – superficial dorsal vein
• Deep – deep dorsal vein sinuses –
emissary veins - circumflex veins
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 44

45. ANATOMY OF THE
ERECTION
Erection is as a result of
various sexual stimuli:Touch
and mechanical stimulation
of the penis (reflexogen)
Erotic view, sound, and
smell (central or
psychogenic)
The erection can also be
inhibited by any emotional or
higher mental activity
The third type of the
erection is the so called
nocturnal erection
associated to sleeping
period.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 45

46. Sexual stimulus Relaxation of the smooth
muscle in cavernous spaces
and arterioles.
Blood inflow to the caveornous
spaces.
Occlusion of the
venous dranaige.
Intracavernous blood pressure > systemic blood pressure
ERECTION
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 46

47. Erection of the penis (and the clitoris)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 47

48. Erection of the penis (and the clitoris)
Continuous inflow
of blood with
decreased out flow
lead to full erection
and hardness.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 48

49. Erection…………..
• Bulbo-urethral glands secrete to lubricate penis
tip
• Erection and copulation controlled with
parasympathatic nerve fibers
• 10-15 minutes are required for erection and
copulation normally
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 49

50. Ejaculation (male orgasm)
Ejaculation (male orgasm)
• Bulbocavernosus muscles (at base) push
semen toward external urethral orifice
• Ischiocavernosus muscles (along sides)
stiffen erect penis
• –contraction of urethra and penis: expulsion:
semen expelled
• Sensation experienced = Ejaculatory Inevitability
• Accompanied by increased heart rate, blood
pressure and breathing rate
• Intense myotonia
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 50

51. Seminalis emission and ejaculation.
Bulbospongiosus muscles contract fast and serially;
The semen is released (ejaculated) form the urethra
(propulsion).
Sphincter of the bladder sontracts,
preventing expulsion of the urine.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 51

52. Never forget these concepts
•POINT and SHOOT
•PARA and SYMPA
–THANK U
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille 52

53. END
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
THANKS FOR LISTENING
By
DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
MBChB,DCM,BCSIT,CCNA
Contact us:
amentalhealths@gmail.com/
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