.

2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• PELVIS:
I. LOCATION: Region of trunk that lies below abdomen.
II. AIM:
I. To transmit the weight of upper body to lower body (from vertebral column to
femur).
II. To support and protect the pelvic viscera or urogenital viscera.
III. To provide attachment for trunk and lower limbs (for locomotion).

3. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
III. COMPOSITION:
2 HIP BONES
COCCYX
SACRUM
LATERAL
(FLATTENED)
• HIP BONE
ANTERIOR
• PUBIC
SYMPHYSIS
POSTERIOR
• SACROILIAC
JOINT

5. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
IV. DIVISION
PELVIC BRIM:
 ANTERIOR: pubic Symphysis
 BEHIND: Sacral promontory
 LATERAL: Iliopectineal line
IMPORTANT POINTS:
PELVIC
BRIM
TRUE
PELVIS
(BELOW)
FALSE
PELVIS
(ABOVE)
• PELVIC GURDLE (BOARDER)
• COCCYX (TAIL OF SPINAL CORD)
• PELVIC BRIM (IMAGINARY CIRCLE)
• TRUE PELVIS: ÷ into inlet, outlet &
pelvic cavity (w/c holds some contents of
urogenital organs)
• FALSE PELVIS: greater part lying above
pelvis

7. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
V. PELVIC DIAPHRAGM (PELVIC FLOOR):
 In the middle of the true pelvis
 Made up of muscles
 Composed of two parts:
A. PELVIC CAVITY; (consist of sigmoid colon, rectum, & contents
of male and female reproductive organs)
B. PERINEUM; (lower region of pelvis composed of outlet)

10. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The organs of male reproductive system include:
• Gonads - testes
• Ducts – epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra
• Accessory sex glands - seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands
• Supporting structures – scrotum, spermatic cord and penis

11. Primary Sex Organs (Gonads)
• The primary reproductive organs or gonads consist of a pair
of testes in the male.
• The mature gonads perform the dual function of:
(1)Producing gametes (gametogenesis), that is, spermatozoa
(sperm) in the male.
(2)Secreting sex hormones testosterone in males.

12. • The secondary sexual characteristics are the external
characteristics not directly involved in reproduction but
distinguish males and females such as body configuration and
hair distribution.

13. Description
• Testis is composed of up to 900 coiled seminiferous tubules,
each averaging more than one & half meter long, in which the
sperm are formed
• The sperm then empty into the epididymis, another coiled tube
about 6 meters long
• The epididymis leads into the vas deferens, which enlarges into
the ampulla of the vas deferens immediately before the vas
enters the body of the prostate gland.

14. • Two seminal vesicles one located on each side of the prostate
empty into the prostatic end of the ampulla and the contents
from both the ampulla and the seminal vesicles pass into an
ejaculatory duct leading through the body of the prostate gland
• Ejaculatory duct empty into the internal urethra.

15. • The urethra is the last connecting link from the testis to the
exterior
• The urethra is supplied with mucus derived from a large
number of minute urethral glands located along its entire extent
and from bilateral bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
located near the origin of the urethra

16. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

17. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(FRONTAL VIEW)

18. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• CONTENTS OF PELVIC CAVITY
• TESTIS (2) IN THE SCROTUM
• EPIDIDYMIS (2) UPPER REGION OF TESTIS
• DUCT DEFRENS/ VAS DEFRENS (2)
• SPERMATIC CORDS (2)
• SEMINAL VESICLES (2)
• EJACULATORY DUCTS (2)
• PROSTATE GLAND (1)

19. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
I. SCROTUM:
• Sac of skin that holds testes.
• Ground substance (pouch).
• Fibrous C.T + smooth muscles
• Divided into 2 components
• Location:
– Below pubic symphysis
– In front of upper part of thigh
– Behind penis

20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
II. TESTIS:
• Reproductive gland
• MEASUREMENT: 4.5cm long, 2.5cm wide, 3cm thick… 2 in #
• PROTECTED MEMBRANES: 3
– Tunica vaginalis
– Tunica albuginea
– Tunica vasculosa

21. Testis
 produced in lumber region (early fetal life)  descend into scrotum
(pelvic region) by end of 8 months
 bringing along coverings of peritoneum as protective layer, B/V, nerves,
lymphs, D.D
suspend in scrotum by spermatic membrane
• TUNICA VAGINALIS:
Double membrane, thick C.T capsule encloses testis & epididymis.

22. • TUNICAALBUGINEA:
Fibrous C.T covering, beneath tunica vaginalis
Form septa dividing glandular structure of testis into lobules
200-400 lobules in each testis
• TUNICA VASCULOSA:
Composed of C.T+ B/V (vascular in nature)

24. • STRUCTURE:
Seminiferous tubules;
Each lobule have 1-4 tubules
tubules have interstitial cells (of
Leydig), w/c secret testosterone
hormone & known as germinal
epithelial cells.
at upper pole, tubules combine to
form single tubule (epididymis)
epididymis leave scrotum as D.D
in spermatic cord.
• STRAIGHT
• CONVOLUTED

25. • FUNCTIONS OF TESTIS:
Produce spermatozoa(sperm) in seminiferous tubule and mature as they pass
via epididymis & stored
FSH---- hormone controlling sperm production
Successful spermatogenesis----temp 3°C below normal body temp.
Testes ---- cooled by their position outside abdomen & thin covering of
scrotum---- ↓insulating fat.

26. III. EPIDIDYMIS:
It is a firm structure lying posterior to the testis
It has an expanded upper end, the head, a body and a pointed tail inferiorly
The long length of the duct of epididymis provides storage space for the
spermatozoa and allows them to mature
The tube emerges from the tail of the epididymis as the vas deferens, which
enters the spermatic cord

27. IV. VAS DEFERENS:
Becoming a part of spermatic cord
Passes upwards from testis via inguinal canal & ascends
medially towards posterior wall of bladder w/r it joined by duct
from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct.
NERVE SUPPLY: 11TH & 12TH thoracic nerve.

28. V. SPERMATIC
CORD:
Both sides
Ligament (C.T)+ S.M
Testicular artery
Testicular veins
Lymphatics
Deference duct
Testicular nerves

29. VI. SEMINAL VESICLE:
2 small fibro muscular pouches
Lined with columnar epithelium
Short duct of seminal vesicle + D.D--- to form ejaculatory duct.
FUNCTIONS:
– It contracts and expel their stored contents (seminal fluid) during ejaculation
– w/c forms 60% of bulk of fluid ejaculated at orgasm & contains nutrient to
support sperm

31. VII. EJACULATORY DUCT:
Union of 2 ducts(S.V + D.D)
Carrying seminal fluid + spermatozoa
join the prostatic urethra

32. VIII. PROSTATE GLAND:
Lie in the pelvic cavity in front of rectum & behind symphysis pubis,
surrounding Prostatic Urethra
 consist of fibrous covering + S.M
Glandular substance---- Columnar epithelium
FUNCTIONS:
– Secrets about 30% of semen (milky fluid)
– Slightly alkaline--- provides protective environment for sperm reaching in
acidic vagina
– Contain clotting enzyme--- semen thickness--- to retain in cervix

33. IX.URETHRA:
Provides common pathway for flow of urine & semen
19-20cm long & consist of 3 parts
prostatic urethra: urethral orifice---passes via U.B
membranous urethra: prostate gland---bulb of penis
penile urethra: within corpus spongiosum--- E.U.O in glans penis

34. X.PENIS:
Consist of root--- lies in perineum, body--- surrounding urethra,
glans of penis--- distal conical part (triangular structure)
Composed of erectile muscles: (rich blood supply)
– corpus cavernosum--- 2 lateral sides
– corpus spongiosum--- middle

35. • EJACULATION: (At the point of male orgasm)
Spermatozoa  epididymis  deferent duct + seminal fluid from
seminal vesicle  ejaculatory duct  urethra.
• Semen propelled by powerful rhythmical contraction of S.M in
walls of deferent duct + sympathetic muscular contraction +
prostate gland also contract to add their contents.

36. PUBERTY:
Age when male hormones are activated (L.H from anterior pituitary gland---
stimulate cells of leydig--- producing testosterone)
• Occurs late as compare to female
• Characteristic features:
– Deepening of voice
– Hair growth on face, axillae, chest, abdomen, pubis
– Enlargement of organs
– Maturation of seminiferous tubules, & Sperm production

37. FUNCTIONS:
• The function of testis: is the production of sperm and synthesis of androgens or sex
hormones (testosterone)
• The function of epididymis: is the absorption of fluid from the seminal fluid and
addition of substances to the seminal fluid to nourishing the maturing sperm
• The function of vas deferens: conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct
• The function of seminal vesicles: is to produce a secretion that is added to the seminal
fluid
• The function of ejaculatory ducts: is to drain the seminal fluid into the prostatic
urethra
• The function of the prostate: is the production of a thin milky alkaline fluid, added to
the seminal fluid

40. Sertoli Cells
• Sertoli cells are large
• They are present inside seminiferous tubule
• The spermatogenic cells are attached to Sertoli cells by means
of cytoplasmic connection
• Sertoli cells support and nourish the spermatogenic cells
• Secrete androgen binding protein and estrogen binding protein

42. Blood-Testis Barrier
• It is a mechanical barrier that separates blood from
seminiferous tubules of the testes
• It is formed by tight junctions between the adjacent Sertoli cells
near the basal lamina of seminiferous tubule
• It protects the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells by
preventing the entry of toxic substances from blood into testis
• It permits the nutritive and other essential substances to pass
through

43. Rete Testis
• Each seminiferous tubule opens into a network of
thin walled channels called Rete Testis

44. Interstitial Cells of Leydig
• These are the hormone secreting cells of the testis situated
between the seminiferous tubules

45. HISTOLOGY
• Each testis is surrounded by a thick capsule of collagenous
connective tissue called the tunica albuginia.
1. This capsule is thin on the anterior side and thick on the
posterior.
2. The thickened area is called the mediastinum testis.
3. Septa extend from the mediastinum testis dividing the interior
of the testis into incomplete compartments called testicular
lobules.
4. Within each lobule are 1 - 4 seminiferous tubules that are
enmeshed in loose connective tissue.
5. The connective tissue of the lobules is rich in nerves and
lymph and blood vessels.
6. The seminiferous tubules are the sites of production of
spermatozoa.

46. • The seminiferous tubules within testis consist of:
1. A wall or capsule of fibrous connective tissue called the tunica
propria that is composed of:
a. several layers of fibroblasts
b. an innermost layer of myoid cells (muscle-like cells) that contain
actin filaments and are capable of contraction.
2. A well defined (thick) basement membrane
3. The seminiferous tubules are lined with germinal epithelium. Can
categorize epithelium under two major categories.
a. Reproductive or germinal cells. These cells constitute the
spermatogenic cell linage.
* spermatogonia - diploid cells in terms of genetic content
* primary spermatocytes - diploid cells in terms of genetic content
* secondary spermatocytes - haploid cells in terms of genetic content
* spermatids - immature spermatozoa - haploid cells in terms of
genetic content
* mature spermatozoa - haploid cells in terms of genetic content
b. Supportive cells called Sertoli cells

47. • The reproductive cells that make up the majority
of the germinal epithelium are all derived from
the same group of stem cells, the spermatogonia.
• The spermatogonia and the cell types derived
from them undergo a cycle of mitosis and meiosis
called spermatogenesis. This is the entire process
of production and maturation of sperm from the
divisions of the spermatogonial stem cells,
through meiosis, through the maturation of
spermatids into mature sperm.
• Spermatogenesis can be divided into three stages

48. a. Mitotic division of the spermatogonia that form
various sub-types of spermatogonia and eventually
many primary spermatocytes
b. Meiosis that involves the first meiotic division of
the primary spermatocytes and the second meiotic
division of the secondary spermatocytes.
c. Spermiogenesis (also
called spermateleosis or spermatozoan
metamorphosis) - cellular differentiation of the
spermatids that are formed by the second meiotic
division into mature spermatozoa. A number of
events occur during this process.

49. Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules during
active sexual life as the result of stimulation by anterior
pituitary gonadotropic hormones, beginning at an average age
of 13 years and continuing throughout most of the remainder of
life but decreasing markedly in old age

50. Spermatogenesis
• During formation of the embryo, the primordial germ cells
migrate into the testes and become immature germ cells called
spermatogonia
• The spermatogonia begin to undergo mitotic division beginning
at puberty and continually proliferate and differentiate through
definite stages of development to form sperm

51. • In the first stage of spermatogenesis the
spermatogonia migrate among Sertoli cells toward the
central lumen of the seminiferous tubule
• Spermatogonia then become progressively modified
and enlarged to form large primary spermatocytes
• The primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division
to form two secondary spermatocytes. After few days,
these too divide to form spermatids that are eventually
modified to become spermatozoa (sperm)
• The entire period of spermatogenesis, from
spermatogonia to spermatozoa takes about 74 days

52. Formation of Sperm
• When the spermatids are formed they still have the usual characteristics of
epithelioid cells but soon they begin to differentiate and elongate into spermatozoa
• Each spermatozoon is composed of a head and a tail
• On the outside of the anterior two thirds of the head is a thick cap called the
acrosome that is formed mainly from the Golgi apparatus. This contains a number of
enzymes similar to those found in lysosomes of the typical cell
• These enzymes play important role in allowing the sperm to enter the ovum and
fertilize it

53. • The other cell type found in the epithelium lining the
seminiferous tubules is the sertoli cell.
• Interstitial tissue (tissue between the seminiferous
tubules) of the testis
A. Consists of connective tissue, specialized hormone
secreting cells, nerves, and blood and lymphatic vessels.
1. Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter and
leave the testis through the connective tissue of the
mediastinum testis.
B. Cell types found in the interstitial tissue
1. fibroblasts 2. mast cells 3. macrophages
4. interstitial cells of Leydig

54. 4a. Generally these cells are found as clusters of
ovoid cells between the seminiferous tubules.
4b. During embryonic life and particularly starting
at puberty, these cells secrete testosterone.
4c. This hormone is important in the development
and maintenance of primary male sex organs, i.e.
the penis and scrotum, and secondary male sex
characteristics such as pubic hair growth and
muscle mass. It also is involved in the control of
spermatogenesis.

55. 2. Ducts outside the testis.
• Epididymis: A single, highly convoluted tube that
sperm enter through the ductuli efferentes. Lined
by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Surface
of these cells covered with stereocilia which are
essentially branched microvilli, NOT cilia. Final
maturation of the sperm occurs in the epidydimis.
• Vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens) A
straight tube with thick walls. Consists of narrow
lumen surrounded by thick wall of smooth muscle.
Mucosa of tube is in longitudinal folds. Lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
stereocilia on surface.

56. • Two sub-components in the last portion of the vas deferens near
the urethra. Ampulla - a widening near the connection of the
vas deferens to the urethra.
• Ejaculatory duct - short portion of the vas deferens between
the ampulla and the urethra. Empties into the urethra in area
of prostate.

57. • Urethra: Consists of 4 parts - prostatic urethra,
membranous urethra, bulbous urethra, and pendulous
urethra.
• prostatic urethra: lined with transitional epithelium.
Ejaculatory ducts of vas deferens empty into this portion
of urethra.
• membranous urethra: Short, about 1 cm. long. Lined
with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Striated
muscle sphincter surrounds this portion of urethra -
called the external sphincter.
• bulbous and pendulous urethra: Lined by mostly
pseudostratified cloumnar epithelium, but there are some
areas lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

58. • The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's
glands) empty their contents into the base of
the pendulus urethra. These glands provide
the first fluids of ejaculation that act to
lubricate the urethra for the passage of the
semen that follows.
• Mucous glands called the glands of
Littre are found along the entire length of
these portions of the urethra.

59. Penis
• The penis provides an outlet for both urine and the
copulatory ejaculate (spermatozoa and semen).
• In general, the body of the penis consists of the urethra,
erectile tissue (the three cylindrical cavernous bodies
(corpora) - a pair of corpora cavernosa, and the corpus
spongiosum that surrounds the urethra, ending in the
glans penis), smooth and skeletal muscle, touch and
pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) and a dense
connective tissue capsule (tunica albuginea).
• Lined by endothelium.

60. • The erectile tissue of the penis is arranged into a smaller ventral
corpus spongiosum through which the urethra runs and two
lateral corpora cavernosa, each bordered by a layer of dense
collagenous tunica albuginea, beneath which are the trabeculae
consisting of collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle
surrounding irregular cavernous veins.
• The corpora contain irregular vascular spaces, lined by
endothelium. Erection of the penis follows parasympathetic
stimulation. Smooth muscle in the thick walled distributing
arteries relaxes, and the vascular spaces fill with blood. As the
corpora distend, they press against the inextensible tunica
albuginea, compressing the veins, so blood is less able to drain
away. The corpus spongiosum has a more extensible tunica
albuginea, and so becomes less turgid, avoiding compression of
the penile urethra.

61. • After ejaculation, the helicine arteries contract and regain their
normal tone resulting in a relaxing of the pressure around the
veins which leads to the restoration of normal blood flow to the
region.