Baisc surgical skills, sututres and needles 1.pptx
1. BASIC SURGICAL
SKILLS, SUTURES
AND NEEDLES
SU 1 ACADEMICS
DEPARTMENT OF
GENERAL SURGERY
IGMC SHIMLA
Dr. Navam Dhiman
Junior Resident
Department of General Surgery
I.G.M.C. Shimla
3. HISTO
RY
š ¶ The origins of surgery can be traced back many centuries. Through the ages,
practitioners have used a wide range of materials and techniques for closing
tissueā¦ā¦..
š ¶ They also used adhesive linen strips, similar to modern-day Steristrips.
š ¶ By 1000 BC, Indian surgeons were using horsehair, cotton and leather sutures.
š ¶ In Roman times, linen and silk and metal clips called āfibulaeā were commonly
used to close gladiatorial wounds.
š ¶ By the end of the nineteenth century, developments in the textile industry led to
major advances, and both silk and catgut became popular as suture materials.
4. SUTURING ā
GOALS
š ¶ Provide adequate tension for wound closure but loose enough to prevent tissue
ischaemia & necrosis.
š ¶ Protecting underlying tissues from infection or other irritating factors.
š ¶ Preventing post-operative haemorrhage.
š ¶ Permitting healing by primary intention.
š ¶ Preventing bone exposure resulting in delayed healing & bone resorbption.
š ¶ Permit proper flap position.
6. BASIC
DEFINITIONS
š ¶ Suture is a material used to approximate living tissues or sutures together.
š ¶ Ligature is a suture used to encircle a blood vessel to arrest or control bleeding.
š ¶ Tensile strength is the ability of the material or tissues to resist deformation or breakage.
š ¶ Elasticity is the ability of the material to regain its original form or length after deformation.
š ¶ Pliability is the ability to adjust knot tension & to secure knot.
š ¶ Memory is the inherent capability of suture to return or maintain its original gross shape.
9. ABSORBABLE ā
NATURAL
š ¶Plain catgut : Light. Derived from submucosa of sheep or beef
intestine.
* Used for ligating superficial blood vessels & subcutaneous fatty
tissues.
* baileyās doesnāt recommend the use of catgut
š ¶ Chromic catgut : Yellow. Treated with chromium salt.
* It may be used in the presence of infection & in cancer cases.
10. ABSORBABLE ā
SYNTHETIC
š ¶ Polyglactin (Vicryl) : purple, copolymer of Lactide & Glycolide.
* Minimal tissue reaction. Used in general soft tissue approx ; Intestinal
anastomosis, Vessels ligation in all surgical specialties.
š ¶ Dexon (Polyglyconic acid) : purple/cream, homo polymers of glycolide.
* Avoid in adipose tissue & losses tensile strength more rapidly than vicryl.
š ¶ Others:e.g; Polyglyconate(maxon), Polydiaxone(PDS), Polyglecaprone(monocryl)
11. NON āABSORBABLE ā
NATURAL
š ¶ Surgical silk: Black. Derived from the cocoon of the silk worm larvae, trigger
inflammatory reactions, undergo proteolysis & undetected by 2yrs.
* Used in ligating major blood vessels, tendon repair etc.
š ¶ Surgical steel & wires : High tensile strength & Hold knots very well
* Used in orthopaedic, Neurosurg & Thoracic surgery
š ¶ Others: e.g; Virgin silk, cotton, linen
12. NON āABSORBABLE ā
SYNTHETIC
š ¶ Nylon : Is a polyamide polymer, Blue / White
* 81% tensile strength at 1yr & 66% at 11yrs
* Elicits minimal tissue reaction
* Has good memory
* Pliable when moist
* Premoistened form is used in cosmetic plastic surgery
* Its elasticity makes it useful for skin closure & Herniorrhapy
š ¶ Others : e.g; Polypropylene (Prolene), Polyester fiber (Mersilene/Dacron/Ethibond)
13. MONOFILAMENT
š ¶ Grossly appears as single strand of suture material; all fibers run parallel
Minimal tissue trauma. Resists harboring microorganisms
š ¶ Ties smoothly
š ¶ Requires more knots than multifilament suture
š ¶ Possesses memory
š ¶ Examples:
* Monocryl
* PDS, Prolene
* Nylon
14. MULTIFILAME
NT
š ¶ Fibers are twisted or braided together
š ¶ Greater resistance in tissue
š ¶ Provides good handling and ease off tying
š ¶ Fewer knots required
š ¶ Examples:
* Vicryl (braided)
* Chromic (twisted)
* Silk (braided)
15. SUTURE
DEGRADATION
Suture Material Method of Absorption Time to Absorb
Catgut Proteolytic enzymatic
digestive process.
10 Days
Vicryl Hydrolysis. 60% in 2 weeks
30% in 3 weeks
PDS Slow Hydrolysis. 70% in 2 weeks
50 % in 4 weeks
14% in 8 weeks
Silk / Nylon Gradual encapsulation by
fibrous connective tissue.
year
16. SUTURE
SIZE
š ¶Sized according to diameter with ā0ā as reference size
Numbers alone indicate progressively larger sutures
(ā1ā,ā2ā, etc.)
š ¶ Numbers followed by a ā0ā indicate progressively
smaller sutures (ā2-0ā, ā4-0ā, etc.)
š ¶Smaller [Thick]< --------------------------> [Thin] Larger
.....ā3-0ā...ā2-0ā...ā1-0ā...ā0ā...ā1ā...ā2ā...ā3ā.....
18. NEEDLE POINT -
GEOMETRY
Taper-Point
(Round)
ā¢Suited to soft tissue
ā¢Dilates rather than cuts
Reverse cutting
ā¢Very sharp
ā¢Ideal for skin
ā¢Cuts rather than dilates
Conventional
Cutting
ā¢Very sharp
ā¢Cuts rather than dilates
ā¢Creates weakness allowing suture tearout
Taper-cutting
ā¢Ideal in tough or calcified tissues
ā¢Mainly used in Cardiac & Vascular procedures.
22. TECHNIQU
E
š ¶ Needle should be grasped with the needle holder approx. 1/3 distance from the
eye & 2/3 from the point.
š ¶ Needle should be placed perpendicular to surface being entered & pushed
through tissues following curvature of the needle & rotating the wrist.
š ¶ Needle enters 2-3mm away from the margin of the flap & exists at the same
distance on the opposite side.
š ¶ The two ends of the suture are then tied in a knot & cut 0.8cm above the knot.
š ¶ Knot should never lie on incision line.
š ¶ Never close under tension.
25. SIMPLE ā
INTERRUPTED
š ¶ Suturing is passed through both edges
at an equal depth & distance from the
incision & knot is tied.
š ¶ Common & Stronger.
š ¶ Each suture is independent & loosening
of one suture will not produce loosening
of other.
26. SIMPLE ā
CONTINUOUS
š ¶ Useful in pediatrics
š ¶ Rapid
š ¶ Easy removal
š ¶ Provides effective hemostasis
š ¶ Distributed tension evenly along length
š ¶ Can also be locked with each stitch
27. MATTRESSā
VERTICAL
š ¶ It has a far ā far- near ā near order of
bites.
š ¶ The knot is perpendicular to the wound
edge.
š ¶ Useful in maximising wound eversion ,
reducing dead space and minimising the
tension across the wound.
28. MATTRESS ā
HORIZONTAL
š ¶ Used for high ā tension wounds or
wounds with fragile skin.
š ¶ The knot is parallel adjacent to the
wound edge.
š ¶ Useful in maximising wound eversion ,
reducing dead space and minimising the
tension across the wound.
29.
30. SUTURE
REMOVAL
š ¶ Face: 2- 3 days
š ¶ Scalp: 5 days
š ¶ Trunk: 7 days
š ¶ Arm or leg: 7-10 days
š ¶ Foot: 10-14 days
31. RECENT
ADVANCES
Staples
š ¶ Formed from high quality
stainless steel
Tapes - Steristrips
Use of tissue adhesive adjunct
(benzoin)
š ¶ Suitable for skin closure
Adhesives
A sterile, liquid topical skin adhesive
Reacts with moisture on skin surface
to form a strong, flexible bond
Only for approx. skin edges of wounds Rarely used for primary closure
33. SQUARE ORREEF
KNOT
š ¶ Square knot formed by wrapping the suture
around the needle holder once in opposite
directions b/w ties.
š ¶ 3 ties are recommended.
š ¶ The two-hand square knot is the easiest and
most reliable for tying most suture materials.
š ¶ It may be used to tie surgical gut, virgin silk,
surgical cotton and surgical stainless steel.
34. SURGEONāS OR FRICTION
KNOT
š ¶ It is formed by 2 throws of suture around the
needle holder on the first tie & one throw in
the opposite direction on the 2nd tie.
š ¶ The surgeon's
recommended for
or friction knot is
tying braided synthetic
absorbable suture, VICRYL*/ ETHIBOND*
polyester suture, ETHILON* nylon suture,
MERSILENE* polyester fiber suture,
NUROLON* nylon.
35. GRANNYāS OR SLIP
KNOT
š ¶ Grannyās knot involve a tie in one direction
followed by a tie in the same direction & third
tie in the opposite direction to square the knot
& hold it permanently.
š ¶ It has the tendency to slip when subjected to
increasing pressure.
š ¶ It is not recommended.