Language Development

3. • Subject:
• Human Development & Learning
• Topics/Contents:
• Language
•Components of Language
•The Sequence of Language
Development
•Biological & Environmental
Factors of Language Development

4. Dr. Ismatullah
Cheema shb.

6. A system of
communication used
by a particular country
or community.
Henry Sweet, stated:
“Language is the
expression of ideas by
means of speech-sounds
combined into words.
Words are combined into
sentences, this
combination answering to
that of ideas into thoughts.

7. “A language is a
system of arbitrary
vocal symbols by
means of which a
social group
cooperates.
Language refers to the
systematic and
conventional use of
sounds, signs or written
symbols for the intension
of communication or self-
expression.( Hoff: 2009).

8. Every person
acquires in childhood
the ability to make
use, as both sender
and receiver, of a
system of
communication that
comprises a
circumscribed set of
symbols (e.g., sounds,
gestures, or written or
typed characters).

10. • Code-switching,
process of shifting
from one linguistic
code
(a language or dialect)
to another, depending
on the
social context or
conversational setting
• When a person mixes
two or more
languages to convey
his/her message.

11. o The scientific study of language
o Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put
together and how it functions. Various building blocks of
different types and sizes are combined to make up a
language.

13. • In linguistics, the
register is defined as
the way a speaker
uses language
differently in
different
circumstances
• In other words, a
variety of language
according to use.

14. Field:
Field (what) is
the subject matter of
the text
Mode:
Mode (how)
refers to text
construction, looking
at whether it is based
on written or spoken
forms of
communication
Tenor:
Tenor (who) is
the relationship
between writer and

15. • 1-language is a mean of
communication

19. • The human brain is
divided into two
hemispheres. The left
hemisphere is the
"logical brain" and is
involved
in language and
analysis and the right
hemisphere is the
"creative brain,"
involved in
daydreaming and

21. Broca’s area ( anterior speech cortex): The area that is
responsible for the language production.
 Wernicke's area (posterior speech cortex): the area that is
responsible for speech comprehension/processing eg Analyze
other's sentences.
Motor cortex: the area that generally controls movement of
muscles eg movement of hands, feet etc.
Arcuate fasciculus: It’s the bundles of nerve fibers eg the
connection between broca's area and Wernicke's area.
 Localization view: different human cognitive abilities and
behaviors are localized in specific parts of the brain.
Lateralization: any cognitive function that is localized
primarily in one side of the brain –Language is lateralized to
the left hemisphere.
Tongue slip and tip: It's failure to retrieve a word from
memory. Eg person produce medication instead of meditation.

22. Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or
comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write. Aphasia
is always due to injury to the brain-most commonly from a stroke,
particularly in older individuals.

24. • Phonology desc
ribes the way
sounds function
within a given
language and
operates at the
level of sound
systems and
abstract sound

25. • A phoneme is the
smallest sound unit in
a language that is
capable of conveying
a distinct meaning,
such as
the s of sing and
the r of ring.
• Phonemes are
customarily written
between slashes, thus
/b/ and /p/

26. Morphology is the
study of the
internal structure
of words and
forms a core part
of linguistic study
today.

27. SIMPLE WORDS
• Don’t have internal
structure (only consist of
one morpheme) eg work,
build, run. They can’t be
split into smaller parts
which carry meaning or
function.
FREE VS BOUND
MORPHEMES
Affixes
 i.e Unkindness
COMPLEX WORDS
• Have internal structure
(consist of two or more
morphemes) eg worker:
affix -er added to the root
work to form a noun

28. • The term "syntax"
comes from the
Greek, meaning
"arrange together” It’s
the study of the
formation of
sentences. Syntax is
the component of
grammar that deal
with how words and
phrases are combine
into larger

29. • Phrase: A phrase is a group of related words that
doesn't express the complete thought and doesn't
have pair of subject and predicate
• Clause: A clause is a group of related words that
have subject and a predicate and can make a sense.
A clause can act as a sense as it makes a complete
sense.
• 1- Dependent clause: A group of words that contain
subject and predicate but doesn't express complete
thought eg if I come late , although it is tempting etc.
• 2- Independent clause: A group of words that contain
subject and predicate and have complete thought eg
webster took the train.

30. • Simple Sentence : That have one independent clause
eg Tom reads novel
• Compound Sentence: That has two independent clause
joined by conjunction ,adverb and semicolon eg Tom
reads novel but Jack reads comic .
• Complex Sentence : It has one dependent clause joined
to an independent clause ( headed by subordinating
conjunction or relative pronoun) eg Although Tom reads
novels, Jack reads comics.
• Compound Complex Sentences: It has two
independent clauses joined to one or more dependent
clauses eg while Tom reads novels , Jack reads comics,
but Saim reads only magzines.

31. The scientific study of meanings is
known as semantics. One of the
central issues with semantics is the
distinction between literal meaning
and figurative meaning i.e
denotation or connotation.

32. Denotative meanings:
Denotation is generally defined as literal or
dictionary meanings of a word i.e If you search for the
meaning of the word “dove” in a dictionary, you will see
that its meaning is “a type of pigeon, a wild and
domesticated bird having a heavy body and short legs.
Connotative meanings:
Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied
by a word apart from the thing which it describes
explicitly i.e “He’s such a dog.” – In this sense, the
word dog connotes shamelessness, or ugliness.
“That woman is a dove at heart.” – Here, the dove
implies peace or gentility.