Academic writing presentation

1. Presentation by-
Ninawari Ware
Ph.D scholar at Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics.
Email- ninawari.ware@gipe.ac.in
Application number-20975614f24411e99727bdc2edc28c9

2. Development as a concept is comprehensive and inclusive
because apart from increase in output it consists of changes in
composition of output, shift in allocation of productive
resources and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequality
and unemployment.
Development includes the fundamental changes that happen
in-
1] Economic characteristics
2] Demographic characteristics
3] Technological characteristics
4] Socio cultural characteristics

3.  Measuring development has always been a controversial issue.
Formulating a comprehensive index for the same becomes
difficult because of its relative and subjective nature.
 Over the years growth was considered to be of utmost
importance but today the awareness of development has
become widespread.
 The ways of measuring development have evolved over the
years with changing society dynamics.

4.  It measures the average income earned by each individual in a
country.
 Increase in PCI is considered as rise in individuals income
which is an upward social mobility.
 Increase in PCI indicates increase in standard of living as well.
 PCI provides a fundamental measure for policy makers to
device and implement a suitable policy.
 It also helps to measure a gap between developed and
developing countries.

5.  Income could be under-reported to avoid tax.
 A large unorganised sector and non monetary sector make it
difficult to account accurate PCI.
 Two countries cannot be compared on PCI alone, their
currency’s purchasing power may differ.
 PCI does not talk about the distribution of income .
 Physical quality of life indictors like health, nutrition, literacy
are not considered.

6.  In the year 1979, Morris.D.Morris invented the PQLI for
measuring development.
 The indicators considered were, Life expectancy at 1, Infant
Mortality Rate (IMR) and literacy rate.
 Heath indicators have been considered twice, i.e there is an
overlap in them.
 Income indicator is missing in the calculation of PQLI.

7.  HDI was formulated in the year 1990, by the United Nations
Development Programme.
 It was considered to become an inclusive index to measure
development.
 The indicators considered are, Life expectancy, Mean years of
schooling and Per capita Income.
 The values of HDI rank between 0 to 1.
 The closer the value is to 0 it indicates lower development.
 The closer the value is to 1 it indicates higher development.
 On the basis of these values, country’s are ranked as- Very high HDI
countries, High HDI, Medium HDI, Low HDI.
 So far this index happens to be the most inclusive development
index.

8.  Latest improvisation in HDI is the invention of Inequality
adjusted HDI. The IHDI combines a country’s average
achievements in health, education and income with how those
achievements are distributed among country’s population by
“discounting” each dimension’s average value according to its
level of inequality. Thus, the IHDI is distribution-sensitive
average level of HD. Two countries with different distributions of
achievements can have the same average HDI value. Under
perfect equality the IHDI is equal to the HDI, but falls below the
HDI when inequality rises.

9. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my sincere gratitude and deep regard to the team of
Academic writing for giving me insights about the
do’s and don'ts of academic writing. This knowledge
would definitely help me in becoming a good writer
in future.