Political Science. entails anarchy, communism, capitalism, socialism, totalitarianism and democracy

1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
A LOOK INTO MAJOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
GOVERNMENTS AROUND THE WORLD

2. INDEX
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURES
★ Objective
★ Introduction
★ Different Political systems
★ Anarchism
★ Capitalism
★ Colonialism

3. INDEX
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURES
➢ Communism and Socialism
➢ Monarchism
➢ Totalitarianism
➢ Democracy
➢ Conclusion
➢ Bibliography
➢ Photo Gallery

4. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to analyze different political structures that govern
different countries. It is intended to understand the exact machinery of every political
system, their advantages and shortcomings. There is also an aim of observing the effect
that the way of governance has on the development indicators such as economy, per
capita income, healthcare and education. The overall life quality will also be noted. In
the real-world countries are usually the mix of one or more of these systems. But some
examples of countries would be given with respect to political systems which they claim
to follow.When I say political system I refer not only to the government, but ideas
associated in an organic unity- ideas of human life, human values, cultural and
religious ideas, politics, economics, etc.

5. Introduction
A system which is a network of political and social institutions is known as political
system.
Almond and Coleman (1959) have defined it as “a system which performs political
functions in a society”.
Max Weber has explained it as “organisation that successfully claims the monopoly of
the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory, i.e., state”.
Eisenstadt has defined it as “the organisation of a territorial society having the
legitimate monopoly over the authorised use and regulation of force in the society”.

6. POLITICAL SYSTEM
By a political system usually denotes the Government which is usually a governing body which controls the functions of
a country.
Political Systems are usually classified based on: Degree of power and control, Types of functions, Political culture and
number of given allocations.
According to Almond and Coleman, there are basically 3 functions of political systems:
1. To maintain the stability of a society
2. To change the cultural elements in order to achieve the current goals of the human civilization
3. To Protect the political system from foreign/alien threats.

7. Different Political Systems
There are 196 countries around the world according to the United Nations.
Many of these have a confusing government structures which are a mix of different types of
government. This is due to different conflicts and wars these countries have been in. for
example, Somalia has no existing power structure so, it is classified as an anarchial region.
Britain has a monarchy-parliamentary sort of government.
United states of America is a Democracy but also follows the capitalist system which has its
influence on the government.

8. Different Political Systems
The following are types of political systems:
v Anarchism
v Capitalism
v Colonialism
v Communism and socialism
v Monarchism
v Totalitarianism
v Democracy
Of course there are more types of governments, but we shall limit ourselves to the broad definitions of
these major types.

9. Anarchism
Anarchism refers to a society where the government is non-
existent/absent. Such societies theoretically have no state or structure
and are completely based on free voluntary groups. Anarchists are
people who follow the school of anarchy. They seek a system based
against controlling hierarchies and powerful structures. Many
Anarchists also advocate for direct democracy and cooperative businesses.
Although anarchy usually is used negatively to refer to chaos and
destruction, many anarchial societies have actually appear to be
thriving. EG.: Zomia, Somalia, Rojava, etc.

10. Anarchism
MERITS DEMERITS
● · Self- Government
● · Direct democracy
● · Individual privacy
● · More powerful General public
● · No controlling Orwellian
Government
● · Outdated social Practices will
become obsolete
● · Promotion of individual values
● · More powerful social cohesion
● · True Freedom
No actual governing structure to
prevent chaos.
· Natural Human rights will not be
guaranteed protection.
· No institutions to provide services such
as Judicial provisions, education, etc
· Powerful groups/ individuals might take
advantage and gain control
· No Protection of the weaker sections of
the society
· Anarchy is not sustainable in the long
run.

11. Capitalism
Capitalism refers to a political-economic system which is based on private ownership of the
means of production and their operation for profit.
This system is characterised by free markets, capital accumulation, trades and agreements
between different private companies and individuals. Even though Capitalism is mainly an
economic system, its staggering influence in the governance of many countries such as the
United States, has boosted its political aspect. Companies have gained a larger share of the
world’s resources and in doing so, they have also gained more power. Individuals who are
leaders of these companies have accumulated wealth equalling governments of many countries

12. Capitalism
Different varying degrees of control of markets now define the different
governments. Many supporters claim that Capitalism promotes political freedom
as it allows unbiased competitions between all individuals, whereas critics have
pointed out how the rich influence government policies to act in their own
interests, while ignoring the poor and needy section of the society. The parallels
of conditions workers at the start of industrial revolution and current era are
also pointed out. The workers/ employees are paid low wages despite their skills
and as the housing and living costs in commercial cities rise steadily day by day,
the gap between the rich and the poor is widening.

13. MERITS DEMERITS
★ · Promotes equality
★ · More innovation in
technologies
★ · Market is regulated by
the forces which govern it.
E.g.: Supply and demand
★ · Based on merit
· The rich get richer while the
poorer lose more
· Industrialists influence the
government policies to act in
their favour
· Not everyone is actually
equal as the privileged can
use their money to escape the
rule of law

14. DEMERITS
· A monopoly can easily develop in such conditions.
· Businesses can become too big to fall, i.e., the government pays them
taxpayers’ money to stabilize themselves. E.G.: 2008-2009 financial
crisis.
· Workers are paid minimum wages as companies try to maximise their
profits.
· This can also lead to a small elite group that governs the country based
on their own interests i.e., an oligarchy.

15. Colonialism
Colonialism refers to a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by
establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may
impose their religion, language, economics, and other cultural practices. The foreign administrators rule the territory
in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised region's people and resources.
Colonialism is often accompanied by systematic repression, racism and indoctrination. Often Colonialism is associated
with European Powers due to their activities starting in 15th century.

16. Colonialism
India itself was a British colony and during 18th-20th century, was subjugated to the british rule and its
revenue extraction, inferiority development, crippling Indian Industry and other injustices.
Even though the world is mostly rid of colonialism it still exists in the form of Neo-Colonialism largely in
the African continent (E.G. Republic of Congo). Neo-colonialism implies that the developed countries
today (mostly the ones which carried out colonialism) still influence the inner workings of under-
developed and developing countries.

17. Colonialism
MERITS DEMERITS
· Colonialism enriched the mother country
with the resources of the colony
· It also helped in development of the
mother country
· In the 20th century, colonialism was
largely responsible in the providing the raw
materials, labour and the market required for
industrialisation.
· The Colonial powers are very powerful
even today. E.G.: United Kingdom, France,
Germany, etc.
· Colonialism exploited the colonies and
exhausted it of its natural resources without any
mercy.
· Colonial powers were brutally engaged in
mass killing, torture and rape of the so-called
‘inferior natives’
· The colonialists were ignorant of the identities
and the needs of the ethnicities residing in the
colonies. When the borders of these colonies were
drawn by imbeciles, they were drawn with no
regard to cultural conflicts of the ‘inferior natives’
residing there. ·

18. Colonialism
DEMERITS
.This has led to many bloody conflicts and wars over the past 20th century. E.G.: the
Israeli-Palestine conflict, the Syrian crisis, the Indo-Pakistan wars and more.
Colonialism led to many wars and many peaceful regions were disturbed.
· It also led to divisions based on racial hatred and supposed supremacy between
the conquerors and the conquered.
· Even today, despite achieving independence many former colonies are still
somewhat influenced by the interest of the former colonial powers. E.G: Algeria,
Congo, Ghana, etc.

19. COMMUNISM
Communism refers to a government based on
common ownership of the means of production
and the absence of social classes, money, and
the state. This is based mainly on KARL
MARX’s book ‘Das Kapital’ a treatise which
criticises capitalism and advocates for a
state-controlled economy where the powerful
government owns services and ensures social
welfare. Communism is a reaction to
capitalism. However, it is not to be confused
with Socialism.

20. SOCIALISM
Socialism implies a socially owned land and means of
production in which all the members of the society
collectively own its resources. It emphasises the
importance of cooperatives and collectiveness and
cohesiveness of the society.
Communism offers a more libertarian and a more
pragmatic version of socialism.

21. MERITS DEMERITS
· It is effective as a Centrally planned
economy
· It moulds the society according to the
vision of a leader
· Equality of income distribution
· It provides good healthcare and
education to all the strata of the society
i.e., greater welfare
· Societal cohesion
· The Government owns every service which
leads to loss of sovereignty
· There is no freedom of speech
· The conditions can easily lead to a
dictatorial form of government. Officials
can easily abuse their power.
· Internal supply and demand may be
difficult to balance
· Individual needs might be ignored
· It is very idealistic

22. Monarchy
Monarchy is the system of the rule of a single
ruler. It refers to kingdoms being ruled by Kings and
Queens. The ruler is usually the head the nobility.
Nobility refers to the group of powerful and elite
individuals who have control and power over different
sizes of lands in the kingdoms. These are also usually the
individuals who command armies and collect taxes for
the King/ Queen. Usually, the position of the ruler is
hereditary or elected by the noble class. The rule of such
people was justified by divine right granted to them by
God. Such governments existed in medieval era of
European History. In India, different rulers controlled
different regions of India. They had courtiers and
ministers who served as the bureaucrats. Their favoured
courtiers and people were usually granted lands to
govern and collect taxes from.

23. Monarchy
MERITS DEMERITS
Increase sense of unity
Faster Decision Making
Trained leaders
Balanced government
No provisions against tyrants
Lack of public opinion
Unchecked power

24. Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits
all opposition parties, outlaws individual opposition to the State and its claims, and
exercises an extremely high degree of control and regulation over public and
private life. It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form of
authoritarianism. This usually includes but is not limited to: loss of right to
speech, right to freedom and complete loss of any independent opinions differing
from that of government. The closest India came to becoming a totalitarian
state was when the Emergency was imposed.

25. Totalitarianism
MERITS DEMERITS
·Rapid changes
·improvements in economy
·Quick decisions and law-
making
·Definite leadership and
responsibility
Neglect of human rights
No freedom of speech
No clear opposition
Absence of public opinion in
decision- making

26. DEMOCRACY
Democracy refers to a form of government where the ultimate power to make decisions lies with the
people or the citizens of the state. There are two forms of democracy: Direct Democracy and
representative democracy. Democracy is the most popular form of government in today’s world as it
offers the most balanced form of system which offers power, bureaucracy and public system which
theoretically serves all the needs of its citizens. In democracy the people or the representatives can meet
together and decide different laws and provisions which help to eliminate social differences and promote
equality and fraternity. India is the largest democracy in the world. Thanks to Democracy India has
been able to solve many of its problems regarding its diversity and social inequalities. It is universally
agreed that currently, Democracy is the best form of government in existence and even though in reality
Democracy is far from what it was on paper, it is still the best alternative we have to achieve human
equality on Earth.

27. DEMOCRACY
MERITS DEMERITS
change in government without violence
· prevents monopoly of the ruling authority
· Responsible to its citizens
· People can participate in decision making
· Offers equality and other human rights
· Transparent and fair process
· Stable government
· Politicians use money and muscle power
to stay in power
· Election Malpractices
· People do not exercise their right to vote
· Lengthy decisions making process
· Short term goals are given more priority

28. CoNcLUsIoN
In conclusion, we have seen and analysed different forms of government. We see that most of the governments which are based on
absolute power concentrated in the hands of one person often end up ignoring public welfare and human rights. Out of all these
options Democracy, Capitalism and Socialism are the major current existing forms of government which try to promote equality and
freedom.
Other political systems sound ideal on paper but end up becoming the authoritarian rule of a single individual or an elite group of the
richest individual groups.
Even though Democracy sounds like the best option in this group, it still hasn’t been able to achieve all that it had promised at the
beginning of its adoption.
All of the above-mentioned political systems are highly idealistic and based on the best of human nature, yet in reality human greed
and competitiveness have ruined these perfect and seemingly ideal systems.

29. CoNcLUsIoN
In the end, only that political system is the best which
guarantees:
1. Human rights
2. Justice, peace and equality to all
3. Balanced political rule and succession
4. Flexible laws which accommodate every citizen’s
needs
5. Growth in the national economy
6. Equal and balanced distribution of income
7. Provisions against corruption of power
And above all, the greatest quality of human life
available

30. Bibliography
· What are the advantages and disadvantages of democracy in India? - Quora
· Political System: Concept and Types of Political System (yourarticlelibrary.com)
· 14.2 Types of Political Systems – Sociology (umn.edu)
· different political systems - Bing
· List of forms of government - Wikipedia
· 10 Pros and Cons of Monarchy (honestproscons.com)
· 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Monarchy – Vittana.org

31. Photo Gallery

32. DEMOCRACY ANARCHY
COLONIALISM
CAPITALISM

33. COMMUNISM SOCIALISM
MONARCHY
TOTALITARIANISM

34. THANK YOU
BY SUDITI SINHA
11TH B
POLITICAL SCIENCE