This document discusses the various tissues and structures of the body. It describes the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, mucous membranes, serous membranes, ligaments, tendons, synovial sheaths, and tension lines. The skin is the outermost covering and largest organ, consisting of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The superficial fascia lies beneath the skin and stores fat. Deep fascia invests muscles and forms intermuscular septa. Mucous and serous membranes line internal cavities. Ligaments attach bone to bone, tendons attach muscle to bone, and synovial sheaths envelop tendons at friction points. Tension lines influence skin creases

1. BODY TISSUE &
STRUCTURES
DRMUNZIR LATIF
MBBS FCPS(1)MEDICINE &ALLIED
DEMONSTRATOR ANATOMY DEPTT
CIMSMULTAN

2. BODY COVERINGS
 SKIN
 SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
 DEEP FASCIA
 MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 SEROUS MEMBRANE

3. SKIN
 OUTERMOST COVERING OF BODY
 LARGEST ORGAN OF BODY
 THICKNESS OF SKIN VARIES FROM 0.5 TO 3.0 mm
 TOTAL SURFACE AREA ON AVERAGE IS 1.5 TO 2.0 sqm
CONSISTS OF 2 LAYERS
1.SUPERFICIAL LAYER OR EPIDERMIS
2.DEEP LAYER OR DERMIS

4. APPENDAGES OF SKIN
 HAIR
 NAIL
 SWEAT
 SEBACEOUS GLAND

5. FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
 PROTECTION
 ABSORPTION
 EXCRETION
 TEMPERATURE REGULATION
 SYNTHESIS OF VIT D
 RECEPTOR

6. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
 IT LIES JUST BENEATH THE SKIN AND IS ALSO CALLED
HYPODERMIS OR SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
 MADE UP OF LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
 IT IS OF VARIABLE THICKNESS
 THICKEST IN THE SCALP,PALMS,SOLES
 THINNEST IN EYELIDS & NIPPLES

7. FUNCTION OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
 CONNECT WITH DEEP FASCIA & BONES
 SPACE FILLING AND PADDING STRUCTURE
 SITE FOR STORAGE OF FAT
 INSULATING LAYER

8. DEEP FASCIA
 MEMBRANE LIKE STRUCTURE OF FIBROUS TISSUE
 ABSENT IN FACE
 FUNCTIONS OF DEEP FASCIA
1. INVESTING LAYER
2. ENCLOSES NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLES,MUSCLES,GLANDS
3. FORMS LAMINA OF INTERMUSCULAR SEPTA
4. FORMS BANDS OF EXTENSOR, FLEXOR RETINACULUM
5. FIBROUS SHEATH OF FINGERS AND TOES

9. MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 LINING OF INTERNAL BODY SURFACE OR CAVITY
 THERE ARE 3 COMPONENTS OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE
1. EPITHELIUM
2. LAMINA PROPRIA
3. MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

10. SEROUS MEMBRANE
 LINING OF CLOSED BODY CAVITY
SINGLE LAYER OF EPITHELIUM CALLED MESOTHELIUM
 CONSISTS OF 2 LAYERS
1. PARIETAL LAYER
2. VISCERAL LAYER

11. LIGAMENT
 COMPOSED OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 THEY ATTACH BONE TO BONE
 THEY UNDERGO STRESS & STRAIN
 IMPORTANT IN STABILITY OF JOINTS
 IT IS RIGID & FLEXIBLE

12. TENDON
 MADE UP OF COLLAGEN FIBRES
 ATTACH MUSCLES TO BONES
 SOMETIMES IT BECOMES FLATTENED TO FORM
APONEUROSIS
 IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 1cm2 OF A TENDON CAN SUPPORT
1000kg WEIGHT

13. SYNOVIAL SHEATH
 FIBROUS SHEATH ENVELOPING THE TENDONS AT REGIONS
OF FRICTION
 CONSISTS OF 2 LAYERS
1. PARIETAL LAYER
2. VISCERAL LAYER

14. CLINICAL & APPLIED ANATOMY
 TENSION LINES
 DESCRIBED BY LANGER AS CLEAVAGE LINES
 APPEAR DUE TO PATTERN OF COLLAGEN FIBRES
 SKIN CREASES RUN PARALLEL TO THESE LINES
 INCISIONS MADE ALONG THESE LINES HEAL WITH
MINIMUM SCARRING

15.  SPRAIN
 INJURY TO LIGAMENTS LEADING TO INTRACTABLE PAIN
 SOME FIBRES ARE DAMAGED BUT CONTINUITY REMAINS
INTACT
 OCCUR IN ATHLETES

16. THANK YOU