ANTIBIOTIC AND IT'S CONTROVERSIES CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

1. ANTIBIOTICS and IT’S
CONTROVERSIES
BY,
MOHAMMAD IRFAN ABDUL KADER

3. What are antibiotics?
• Antibiotics: Chemical substances produced
by microorganisms that inhibit growth or kill
other microorganisms
• Antimicrobial agents: Chemical substances
from a biological source or produced by
chemical synthesis that kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms

4. Sources of Antibiotics
• Natural: mainly fungal sources ( e.g:
Benzylpencillin and Gentamycin)
• Semisynthetic: Chemically altered natural
compound ( eg: Ampicillin and Amikacin
)
• Synthetic: chemically designed in the lab(
eg : Moxifloxacin and Norfloxacin)

5. What are the roles of antibiotics?
• Bacteriostatic effect : To inhibit
multiplication@(drug)=MIC minimal inhibitory
concentration
• Bactericidal effect : To kill the bacteria
population@(drug)=MBC minimal bactericidal
concentration
• There is much closer relationship between the
MIC and MBC values for bactericidal drugs
than for bacteriostatic drugs

6. ANTIBIOTICS
CLASSIFICATION
• Antimicrobial drugs can be classified in many
ways
1. spectrum activity
a. Narrow spectrum
b. Broad spectrum
2. Mechanism of Action
3. Mode of Action
a. bactericidal
b. bacteriostatic

15. PROBLEMS THAT ARISE WITH USE OF
ANTIBIOTICS
1. Toxicity
2. Hypersensitivity reactions
3. Drug resistance
4. Superinfection
5. Nutritional deficiencies
6. Masking of infection

16. Antibiotics indications
• Pneumonia
• Sepsis
• Meningitis
• Gall infections
• Skin infections
• ENT infections
• Fungus infections

17. • Respiratory infections
• Gynecologic infections
• Siberian ulcer
• Diphtheria
• Osteomyelitis
• Syphills

18. Misuse of Antibiotics
• The overuse or misuse of antibiotics may
produce serious effect on health
• It is a contributing factor to the creation of
multidrug-resistant bacteria , informally called
“Super bugs”
• Relatively harmless bacteria can develop
resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause
life threatening infections

19. Antibiotic resistance
• If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit
or kill microorganism is greater than normal
use then the microorganism is considered to
be resistant to the drug
OR
• The ability of a microorganism to produce a
protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents
transport of the antibiotic in to the cell

20. • Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious and
growing problem, because some infectious
diseases are becoming more difficult to treat.
Resistant bacteria do not respond to the
antibiotics and continue to cause infection.
Some of these resistant bacteria can be
treated with more powerful medicines, but
there some infections that are difficult to cure
even with new or experimental drugs.
• (e.g. antibiotics are not effective against
infections caused by viruses

22. Side effects of Antibiotic
Common side effects
• Diarrhea
• Bloating and indigestion
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Itchy skin rash
• Life threatening allergic reaction
• cough

24. Probiotics
• Probiotics are live bacteria and yeast that are
good for your health especially digestive
system
• They keep your gut healthy
• Many antibiotic can cause soft stools or
diarrhea that’s because they may kill good
bugs along with the bad throwing off the
delicate balance of bacteria in your gut

25. • Probiotic change the composition of your gut
bacteria or metabolic activity of existing
bacteria it prevent bad bacteria from
multiplying
• Help in digestion and enable your body extract
nutrients from your foods

27. Thank You…