Types of motivation and how to enhance them.

2. Learners’ Motivation
By Dr. Muhammad Rushdi

4. What is motivation?
Different concepts and definitions of motivation:
Cook believes it is that kind of interest generated in the student by
an interesting exercise, topic, or even a particular song.
Motivation, according to Ryan and Deci (2000) means to progress
and to move forward to do something.
Crump (1995 cited in Mahadi and Jafari) believes that excitement,
interest, keenness, and enthusiasm towards learning are the main
constituents of motivation.

5. Psychology of learners
• Autonomous
• Inquisitive
• Affiliation-driven
• Status-driven
• Recognition-driven
• Power-driven
• Aggressive

6. Types of motivation
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
1. How to build a desire to learn?
2. Is extrinsic (rewards or punishment) motivation
useful?
3. How does classroom climate build motivation?
4. How does creativity enter into the arena of
motivation?
5. Do our textbooks assist us to motivate students?

7. Factors that affect
learners’ motivation
Modeling, followed by guided practice, no long lectures/direct
instruction only.
Clear communication of teacher expectations for projects,
guided practice, independent practice and grading (rubrics)—
use specific short-term goals.
Direct instruction of socialization procedures (how to work in
groups, etc.)—building the appropriate classroom climate

8. Factors that affect
learners’ motivation
Classroom climate also includes the expectation that everyone
participates, the student feels a sense of belonging and their input is
valued.
Instilling in students the belief that they can learn coupled with high
teacher expectations.
Nurturing self-worth, a sense of competence and autonomy.
Teach students to concentrate on the task, rather than be distracted
by fear of failure.

9. “Try to imagine a highly motivated scientist who has not been
rewarded for doing science, a singer who has not been rewarded
for singing, an inventor who has not been rewarded for inventing,
[a teacher who does not get paid for teaching….] Outstanding
achievement always produces extrinsic rewards of some kind;
how else, then, do outstanding achievers maintain their
motivation?” (Slavin, 1991).

10. Students are different now (really?); we can not teach them
the way we were taught. Visual aids and interactive
instruction with attention to prior knowledge and relating
lessons to real life are a must to motivate them.

11. Key Take home messages
Be sure to have an extra activity for student groups who
finish early—some activities, group members orally
explained to groups who did not finish quickly.
Give students a choice of activities whenever possible.
Have them write an action plan before beginning a project
Let students write review questions for the lesson.

12. How to Motivate All Students
 Utilize a wide variety of approaches, strategies, and
techniques.
Try to determine the learner’s unique motivational type and
tailor instructional lessons or activities toward that.
Incorporate the Six P’s: Projects, People, Praise, Prizes,
Prestige, and Power.

13. The six Ps; Motivational Teaching
Strategies
1. Projects – motivate the autonomous or inquisitive child.
2. People – motivate the gregarious or affiliation-driven child.
3. Praise – motivates the status-driven or recognition-driven
or affiliation-driven child.

14. The six Ps; Motivational Teaching
Strategies
4. Prizes – motivates the status-driven or recognition-driven
or affiliation-driven or power-driven child
5. Prestige – motivates the autonomous or status-driven or
aggressive or power-driven child
6. Power – motivates the power-driven or autonomous or
aggressive-driven child.

15. Remember:
If the child cannot learn the way that we teach, we must teach
the way that he learns.
-Richard Lavoie

16. Problem Solving Challenge
• You have a trouble maker student in your class. How would you
motivate him to get him engaged in your classroom activities?