Triple superphosphate (TSP) is produced through a two-stage process of reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock to produce phosphoric acid, and then reacting the phosphoric acid with more phosphate rock. This results in granular TSP which contains 47% P2O5. TSP has excellent physical properties for storage and application to fields, and is commonly used in blended fertilizers due to its affordable phosphorus content. It also has some non-agricultural uses as a leavening agent and mineral supplement.

1. Presentation title:
Presented by: Muhammad Ayyan Khan
MANUFACTURING OF SINGLE
SUPERPHOSPHATE AND
TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPAHTE

2. Contents
3
* Introduction
* Different Grade of Phosphate Rock
* Different Forms of Super Phosphate
* Manufacturing Single Superphosphate
* Advantages and Use Single Superphosphate
* Granular Single Super Phosphate Process & Advantages
* Conclusion
* Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate
* Advantages and Use Triple Superphosphate
* Side Effects of using Triple Superphosphate

3. Introduction
*Pakistan is greatly dependent on Phosphatic Fertiliser.
*Phosphate rock deposits of Pakistan exist in Hazara division
located at Tarnawai; at and at Thandiani.
*It is most essential for the healthy growth of plants.
*
Lab Testing
4

4. Different grades of Phosphate Rock
On the basis of Percentage(%) Phosphorus present in rock phosphate
* In Pakistan, Blendable grade is use for manufactring of SSP,
GSSP and TSP.
High Grade
(30%)
Blendable Grade
(25-30%)
Low
Grad
e
(10-25%)
5

5. Different Forms of Superphosphate
On the basis of Composition & Shape
Single
SuperPhosphate
(SSP)
Granular Single
SuperPhosphat
e (GSSP)
Triple
SuperPhosphate
(TSP)
6

6. 7
Manufacturing of Superphosphate

7. 7
Manufacturing of Superphosphate

8. 7
Single Superphosphate (SSP)
• Single Super Phosphate (SSP) is the oldest chemical fertilizer
manufactured with multi-nutrient as it contains 16-18% P2O5 as
prime content with additional nutrients of 11% Sulphur, 21%
Calcium and Minerals in Traces.
• SSP is cheaper in cost and available compare to other phosphorus
fertilizers without compromising on overall input value.
• It is more suited for crops like oil seeds, pulses, horticulture,
vegetables, sugarcane, paddy etc.
• Single Super Phosphate (SSP) fertilizer is mainly used for
improving root growth and chlorophyll synthesis and thus
improves product quality.

9. Preparation of SSP
10

10. Manufacturing of Single
Superphosphate (SSP)
▪ The reaction between sulfuric acid and ’phosphate rock’ (rock
rich in the mineral fluorapatite, Ca5(PO)3F results Single
Superphosphate (SSP) i.e mixture of Gypsum and calcium
dihydrogen phosphate .
10

11. Manufacturing of SSP: Process
Description
12
Process is divided in two parts:
1. Manuacturing of Sulfuric acid
2. Manufacturing of SSP
9

12. 11
Manufacturing of Sulfuric acid

13. 13
Manufacturing of SSP

14. 14

15. 15

16. Uses of SSP
*Where both P₂O₅ and sulfur are deficient. SSP may be the
most economical way to meet these needs.
* In Developing countries, where the demand is insufficient
production of concentrated Phosphate fertilizer, SSP is the most
economical fertilizer can be used in the local areas.
* SSP is used as a byproduct of sulfuric acid, where sulfuric
acid can not be used directly.
16

17. Advantages of SSP
*SSP helps to improving root growth & development.
*SSP improves aeration & increase water holding capacity of soil .
*Oil content of groundnut or other oil seeds increase.
* SSP increase resistance power of the plants against attack of
pest & disease.
18 17

18. Preparation of GSSP
19
*Manufactured SSP cakes are fed to roller drum/granulator where
water is sprayed.
*By the properties of surface tension ,the powder SSP converted
into granular form.
*Above soft granular particles feeded to dryer drum
having temperature of 90-120˚C to harden the granular
particles.
*Granular particles passes through over size & under size screen
for maintaining similar size product.
*Then final granular goes for packing.

19. Preparation of GSSP Flow sheet
18

20. Advantage of GSSP
21
*Dissolves slowly in the water present in the soil so it is
available to the crops for a longer time.
* GSSP used for standing crops so that the granulate
product rolls down to the plant.
*Used in hilly areas,so that soil erosion decrease.

21. Restrictions of GSSP
22
• Particles may deteriorate in time so long-term storage (> 6
months) is not recommended.
• Do not mix with Urea, DAP or products with a low critical
humidity as products will react and become gluggy.
• The portion of finer particles may cause problems such as
blockages and uneven flow in some air-seeders designed for
high analysis products.
• Do not store in silos.

22. Conclusion
23
*The process is simple , requiring little technological skill
and small capital investment.
*Small SSP & GSSP plants are economical.
*High percentage of utilization of capacity.

23. Granular SSP
22

24. Triple Superphosphate (TSP)
• Triple Super Phosphate is a phosphorus based fertilizer.
• It is produced by the action of concentrated phosphoric acid
and ground phosphate rock.
• It is generally known as calcium dihydrogen phosphate and
as monocalcium phosphate.
• The structure of triple super phosphate is Ca (H2PO4) 2.
• It needs to have a minimum chemical content of 47% P2O5.

25. Manufacturing of (TSP)
Triple Superphosphate is manufactured in a two stage process.
• First, sulfuric acid is reacted with phosphate rock, to produce
phosphoric acid. Gypsum is a by-product of the stage1 and is
removed.
• Secondly, the phosphoric acid is reacted with phosphate rock
resulting in triple superphosphate.
• Granulation process is applied.

26. Chemical Reaction involved in
Manufacturing of TSP

27. • In wet-process phosphoric acid (50 to 55 percent P2O5) is
reacted with ground phosphate rock in a cone mixer.
• The resultant slurry begins to solidify on a slow moving
conveyer on route to the curing area.
• At the point of discharge from the den, the material passes
through a rotary mechanical cutter that breaks up the solid mass.
• TSP product is sent to a storage pile and cured for 3 to 5 weeks.
The product is then mined from the storage pile to be crushed,
screened, and shipped in bulk.

28. • Granulation of TSP produce more uniform particles with
improved storage and handling properties.
• Most of this material is made with the Dorr-Oliver slurry
granulation process.
• In this process, ground phosphate rock or limestone is reacted
with phosphoric acid in 1 or 2 reactors in series. The phosphoric
acid used in this process is appreciably lower in concentration
(40 percent P2O5).

29. • The lower strength acid maintains the slurry in a fluid state
during a mixing period of 1 to 2 hours.
• A small side-stream of slurry is continuously removed and
distributed onto dried, recycled fines, where it coats the granule
surfaces and builds up its size.

30. • Pugmills and rotating drum granulators have been used in the
granulation process.
• A pugmill is composed of a U-shaped trough carrying twin
counter-rotating shafts, upon which are mounted strong blades
or paddles.
• The blades agitate, shear, and knead the liquefied mix and
transport the material along the trough.

31. • The basic rotary drum granulator consists of an open-ended,
slightly inclined rotary cylinder, with retaining rings at each
end and a scraper or cutter mounted inside the drum shell.
Cont.…….

32. • A rolling bed of dry material is maintained in the unit while the
slurry is introduced through distributor pipes set lengthwise in the
drum under the bed.
• Slurry-wetted granules are then discharged onto a rotary dryer,
where excess water is evaporated and the chemical reaction is
accelerated to completion by the dryer heat.
• Dried granules are then sized on vibrating screens.
Cont.…….

33. • Oversize particles are crushed and recirculated to the screen, and
undersize particles are recycled to the granulator.
• Product-size granules are cooled in a countercurrent rotary drum,
then sent to a storage pile for curing.
• After a curing period of 3 to 5 days, granules are removed from
storage, screened, bagged, and shipped.
Cont.…….

34. Dorr-Oliver process for granular TSP production.

35. Storage and handling
• TSP has excellent physical qualities. It stores, handles and
flows through all types of equipment extremely well.
• Does not take up moisture in storage or in the field.
• Spread very evenly.
• TSP flows significantly quicker than other fertilisers,
approximately 15 to 20% faster than DAP so care must be
taken in calibration, before sowing.

36. • Do not mix with urea as the fertilizers will react together and
become wet.
• Do not store in silos.
Restrictions

37. • As a low cost source of phosphorus, TSP is the main substitute for
Single Superphosphate in cropping blends.
• The product is used mainly in blends with DAP and MOP (Muriate
of potash, also know as potassium chloride contains 60% potash).
• It is a source of phosphorus in situations where no nitrogen is
required.
• It is also used in horticultural blends where the phosphorus content
needs boosting.
Agricultural Uses

38. • Monocalcium phosphate is an important ingredient in baking
powder. The acidic monocalcium phosphate reacts with an alkaline
component to produce carbon dioxide, the leavening for many
baked products.
• Monocalcium phosphate is commonly added to animal diets as an
important mineral supplement of both P and Ca.
Non-agricultural Uses

39. References
23
*V. Sauchelli; chemistry and technology of fertilizers,
Reinhold, New York, 1960.
*F.T. Nielsson (Ed.), Fertilizer Science and Technology,
Vol.5, Manual of Fertilizer Processing, 1987