2. Amniotic fluid
Origin : the sources of amniotic fluid
is thought to be both fetal and maternal
. It is secreted by the amnion , especially
the part covering the placenta and
umbilical cord. Some fluid is exuded from
maternal vessels in the decidua and some
fatal vessels in the placenta .fetal urine
also contributes at the 10 wks.
4. color
Colorless , near term , pale straw due to
lanugo and Epithelial cell from skin .
Abnormal
Me conium stained – green
Golden – heamolysis of RBC. Bilirubin
, in Rh negative mother .
Green yellow in post maturity
11. polyhydramnios
hydramnious
Definition : Exceeds 2000ml or
excessive accumulation of
liquor amni causing discomfort
to the patient and or when an
imaging help is needed to
substantiate the clinical
diagnosis of the lie and
presentation of the fetus .
12. Etiology
1. Fetal
anencephaly production of liquor amni may be
due to absence of fetal swallowing reflex and
possible suppression of fetal ant diuretic
hormone leading to excessive urination .
Open spin bifida
Esophageal or duodenal Artesia and facial clefts
and neck masses –prevent of fetal swallowing
reflex
Hydrops fetalis due to isoimmunization ,
cardiothoracic anomalies and fetal cirrhosis are
often associated this .
13. 2- placenta
2- placenta
Chorioangioma of the placenta – tumor
growing from a single villus consisting of
hyperplasia of blood vessels .
3 multiple pregnancy –
4 maternal - - diabetes – raised blood sugar
– raised fetal blood sugar – fetal diuresis –
hydramnios
14. Clinical types
May be acute or chronic
The patient may suffer dyspnea or even in
the sitting position for easier breathing.
Oedema of the legs
Evidence of pre- eclamsia
15. Abdominal examination
INSPECTION
Markedly enlarged , looks globular with fullness at the
flanks .
The skin is tense . Shiny with large striae
Palpation –
height of the uterus is more than the period
A.G is more than normal
Fluid thrill
Fetal part cannot well defined
External ballottement can be elicited more easily .
16. AUSCULTATION – FHS can not heard
easily or need use of Doppler
INTERNAL EXAMINATION
The cervix is pulled up may be partially
taken up or at time dilated to admit a
finger tip
17. INVESTIGATIONS
Sonography – the large eco- free space
between fetus and uterine wall [ single
pool > 8 cm – multiple fetus – position –
congenital anomalies .
Blood – Rh factors
Amniotic fluid – estimation of AFI – HIGH
IN OPEN NEURAL TUBE DEFECT
20. TRETMANT
Bed rest only for minor hydramnios
For severe – patient may hospitalization
and deal as HIGH RISK
Supportive therapy
Amniocentesis – less than 37 weeks for
amnio reduction 1-1.5 liter –not exceed
Induction of labour – more than 37 weeks
with oxyticin infusion .
Termination if congenital abnormality .
21. During labour
Assess for cord prolapsed
Uterine contraction may sluggish - oxyticin
infusion may be started
Inj –oxytocin 10 unit IM with delivery of
anterior shoulder prevent PPH.
WATCH FOR RETAINED PLACENTA
OESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA OF THE BABY
SHOULD BE EXCLUDED.
22. OLIGOHYRAMNIOS
Definition : it is an extremely rare
condition where the liquor amnii is
deficient in amount to the extent of less
than 200 ml at term . Sonographically it is
defined vertical pool is less than 2 cm .
23. ETIOLOGY
UNKNOWN
Amnion nodosum – failure of secretion by the
cell of the amnion covering the placenta .
Associated with fetal chromosomal anomalies
Intrauterine infection
Drugs
Renal agenesis or obstruction
IUGR
Post maturity
24. Diagnosis
Markedly smaller size uterus
looks fullness of fetus .
Fetal movement less
Malpresentation - breech is common
height of the uterus is less than the period
A.G is less than normal
Fetal part can well defined
USG – FETAL BLEDDER FILLING ANE EMTYING
FERQUTELY INDICATED ANOMALY
25. COMLICATION
MATERNAL
PPROLONGED LABOUR
MALPRESENTATION
PROM
CORD COMPRSSION
UTERINE INERTIA
INCREASED MMR
FETAL
PREMATURITY
CONGINATAL ANOMALY-
SHAPE OF SKULL, WRY
NECK , CLUB FOOT OR
AMPUTATION OF LEG
HIGH FETAL MORTALITY
ABORT ION
26. TREATMENT
PROM is common .
Contraction may be painful.
Fetal distress occurs .
Vaginal delivery is favored .
27. The umbilical cord or funis
From the fetus to placenta . It is
developed from the connective or body
stalk . With enlargement of amniotic cavity
, elongation of the connective stalk , form
cord.
.
28. Structure
1. Covering epithelial cell
2. Wharton's jelly : protective
3. Blood vessels 2 arteries and 2 vein – at
4 month – 1 vein
4. If 1 arteries – fetal abnormality-
down syndrome / twins / renal and
genital abnormality –Heart
anomalies
5. Yock sac – near attachment cord
29. Characteristics
Length – 50cm normaly
Short less than 20 cm
True note
Falls note
Cord prolapse
Compression
30.
31. Abnormality
Placenta accreta :
Placenta attached to the uterine wall
muscle.
Placenta increta :
Placenta extends into the uterine muscles
Placenta percreta :
Placeta extends through the entire wall of
the uterus
34. Succenturiate Placenta :
small accessory lobes
develop at a small distance
from the main placenta
35. Circumvellete placenta :
fetal surface has a
central depression
surrounded by thickened
grey white ring composed
of a double fold of
chorion, amnion,
degenerated decidua and
fibrin deposits