English World Chapter 4 Grade 9
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This document is a reading comprehension passage about the use of animals in scientific experiments. It discusses how animals help scientists find cures for diseases but also feel pain. It notes the three R's of replacement, reduction and refinement in animal testing. The passage also contains exercises about grammar, vocabulary and comprehension questions related to the topic of animal testing.
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THE tropics are the most
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numbers of species have
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during this time, in a complex
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of evolution in the sea,
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which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
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to the present day. Other animals
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of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
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dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
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He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
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supergroups, which he called
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The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
which resembled woodlice,
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by shellfish-like creatures called
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including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far .
8 New Scientist 4 January 2020THE tropics are the most.docx
8 | New Scientist | 4 January 2020
THE tropics are the most
biodiverse regions on Earth.
Now there is evidence that
they are also the main source
of evolutionary innovation
and diversity.
Complex animals have
dominated Earth for 541 million
years, a time span called the
Phanerozoic eon. Huge
numbers of species have
evolved and gone extinct
during this time, in a complex
story that includes fish, giant
reptiles and whales.
However, in the 1980s
palaeontologist John Sepkoski
analysed the overall pattern
of evolution in the sea,
where the fossil record is best.
He concluded that marine
evolutionary history could
be broken down into three
supergroups, which he called
“great evolutionary faunas”.
The first group was
dominated by trilobites,
which resembled woodlice,
and bristle worms; the second
by shellfish-like creatures called
brachiopods; and the third by
molluscs, which have persisted
to the present day. Other animals
like land mammals probably
followed similar patterns, but
their fossil record isn’t complete
enough for us to know.
Now, by analysing nearly
18,300 marine genera from
the Phanerozoic fossil record,
Alexis Rojas-Briceno of Umeå
University in Sweden and
his colleagues have found
that the evolution of
complex marine life is best
described using four great
groups of fauna, not three
(bioRxiv, doi.org/dg98).
The first supergroup existed
between 541 and 494 million
years ago, spanning the
Cambrian explosion in which
many animal groups first
emerged. As in the original
analysis, trilobites dominated.
The second supergroup,
dubbed the Palaeozoic, lasted
from 494 to 252 million years
ago. Creatures with hard outer
shells were now widespread,
including brachiopods. This
phase ended when the end-
Permian extinction wiped out
almost all complex life on Earth.
This matches Sepkoski’s
analysis, but the new study
splits his third great fauna into
two. In this version, the third
supergroup is called the
Mesozoic. It began in the wake
of the Permian extinction and
ended 129 million years ago, in
the middle of the dinosaur era.
This time cephalopods, the
group that includes squid
and octopuses, were the rulers.
The fourth and final
supergroup, the Cenozoic, is
still dominant today. During
this time, clams and snails have
made up much of the diversity.
The team found that all four
supergroups originated in the
tropics, then expanded through
the oceans. This is in line with
the idea that the tropics are
hotbeds of evolutionary
innovation, which has been
promoted by David Jablonski
at the University of Chicago.
It may be that the warmer
temperatures and ample
sunlight ensure there is plenty
of food to nourish a multitude
of species. However, John Alroy
at Macquarie University in
Australia isn’t convinced. “I have
always been sceptical about the
out-of-the-tropics hypothesis,
because they have never
seriously dealt with sampling
biases, as far .
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