6. ETYMOLOGY
• Terrorisme in French and terror in
Latin Great fear
• “Terrorism” used as a method of
government intimidation during the
Reign of Terror in France (1793-1794)
“Terror is the order of the day”
7. THE HEZBOLLAH (SHIITE)
• 1982 Lebanon War*
• Suicide attacks, kidnapping and car bombing mostly targeting
Westerners (258 Americans killed of suicide attacks on the U.S.
embassy and Marine Corps barracks in Beirut in October 1983)
• 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War
• The Arab Spring and Syria’s civil war
• Obama: Hezbollah is "the most technically capable terrorist group in
the world“** - Obama in 2010
– Political party in Lebanon, radio, satellite TV station, social dev.
Program and large-scale military deployment of fighters beyond
border.
11. AL-QAEDA
• “The Base” founded in 1988 by Abdulla Azzam and Osama bin Laden
against Marxist-Leninist Afghan gov’t
• Recruiting Sunni’s extremists to join the mujahideen fighters
• To establish strict Sharia law
• To expel the US and other infidels from the Middle East and from Muslim
lands everywhere
• Bombing US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, Tanzania (1998)
• Post-9/11 and global franchising (Jordan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia,
Turkey, the United Kingdom, Israel, Algeria…)
• The death of Osama Bin Laden, and al-Qaeda?
• The Charlie Hebdo Attack
12. ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA
• Started as al-Qaeda splinter group, the AQI, in
2004
• To create an Islamic State across Sunni areas of
Iraq and in Syria
• 2006: AQI ISI
• 2013: ISI ISIS*
• June 2014: ISIS leader announces the caliphate.
13. • ISIS activities involve
– Public beheading, crucifixion, torture, and imprisonment
– Religious cleansing
– Ethnic cleansing against the Kurds and other minority tribes in
Iraq and Syria
– Destroying mosque and forced radical indoctrination
– Guerilla warfare against Iraqi government
– Oil seizure in Syria
• Recruitment through web and social media propaganda.
15. COMBATING TERRORISM
• Multipronged Strategy
– Military capability
– Intelligence gathering
– Public support and cooperation
– International and/or regional cooperation
– Combating other issues such as discrimination, poverty, lack of
education and fundamentalism
16. DEFINITION
• What is “terrorism”?
– To create climate of extreme fear by a group or by a
government regime
– To intimidate a target
• Social group
• Government
• Commercial organization
Target is generally wider, random, or symbolic target
(civilian) rather than immediate victims
– To achieve short-term goal and long-term political
and/or religious and/or ideological goal
17. ACTS CONSTITUTING TERRORISM
• Indiscriminate and random killing of persons, especially
civilians and non-combatants
• Assassinations
• Surprise nature of attacks
• Quest for shocking the community through media
coverage
• Existence of a self-proclaimed political agenda or
“cause” to justify those attacks
21. • Great supply of weapon and manpower
• Institution and vast extension of authority
State terrorism
• Lower supply of weapon and recruited
manpower than state terrorism
• Loose organization but can be trans-boundary
Non-state terrorism
22. NON-STATE TERRORIST GROUPS BASED ON THEIR
MOTIVATIONS
Ethno-nationalist groups
Ideological groups
Religio-political groups
Single-issue groups
State-sponsored groups
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française) was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799. Inspired by radical and liberal ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and theocracies while replacing them with democracies and republics.
The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794),[1] also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
The first part of Louis XVI reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation; increased discontent among the common people ensued. From 1776 Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime which culminated at the Estates-General of 1789. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the absolute monarchy, of which Louis and his wife, queen Marie Antoinette, were viewed as representatives. In 1789, the storming of the Bastille during riots in Paris marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Louis's indecisiveness and conservatism led some elements of the people of France to view him as a symbol of the perceived tyranny of the Ancien Régime, and his popularity deteriorated progressively. His disastrous flight to Varennes in June 1791, four months before the constitutional monarchy was declared, seemed to justify the rumors that the king tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign invasion. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever increasing possibility.
*1982 Lebanon War where Israel intended to dispel Palestinian militants from Lebanon but instead caused outrage among Arabs esp. Shiites living in the Southern Lebanon. Some of them assembled to create the Hezbollah as a militant group and as a political party in Lebanon. They are Shiite/Shia, while majority are Sunni.
With significant support from Iran and Syria, Hezbollah maintains an extensive security apparatus, political organization, and social services network in Lebanon, where the group is often described as a "state within the state.“
**The U.S State Department designated Hezbollah a Foreign Terrorist Organization in October 1997, and believes the group operates terrorist cells in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2010, the Obama administration described Hezbollah as "the most technically capable terrorist group in the world." With Iranian sponsorship, "Hezbollah's terrorist activity has reached a tempo unseen since the 1990s," said a 2013 State Department fact sheet. Several major terrorist operations across the globe have been attributed to Hezbollah or its affiliates, though the group disputes involvement in many.
***The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, northern Israel and the Golan Heights. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. Due to unprecedented Iranian military support to Hezbollah before and during the war, some consider it the first round of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, rather than a continuation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.
October 2006 - AQI leader Abu Ayyub al-Masri announces the creation of Islamic State in Iraq (ISI), and establishes Abu Omar al-Baghdadi as its leader.
April 8, 2013 - ISI declares its absorption of an al Qaeda-backed militant group in Syria, Jabhat al-Nusra, also known as the al-Nusra Front. Al-Baghdadi says that his group will now be known as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS).
*April 2013 - Al-Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani rejects ISIS's attempt to merge with the group.
*February 3, 2014 - Al Qaeda renounces ties to ISIS after months of infighting between al-Nusra Front and ISIS.
June 29, 2014 - ISIS announces the creation of a caliphate (Islamic state) that erases all state borders, making al-Baghdadi the self-declared authority over the world's estimated 1.5 billion Muslims. The group also announces a name change to the Islamic State (IS).
Short-term goal: publicity stunt, news headline, promotion for recruitment, fund raising from supporters and followers,
Long-term goal: political change, religious goal,
State terrorism is prominent mainly during and before Cold War when democracy was not widespread. State uses terror to suppress foreign or its own population. Since 9/11,
