TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
Chapter 7. Databases Chapter In Introduction to Computer. Pptx
1. 1
Introduction To Computer
Lecture # 18-19
Lecturer in Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering,
International Islamic University, Islamabad
2. Outlin
es
Chapter 7:
Databases
Introduction
Traditional File Processing System
Limitations of Traditional File
Processing Systems
Database Management System
Advantages of DBMS
Database Design Concepts
Database Design
Conceptual Database Design
Logical Database Design
Physical Database Design
Types of Database
MS Access
Database Design in MS Access
3. Introduction
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 3
• A collection of logically related data organized to be accessed, managed and
updated easily.
• Small data collection or a large scale database.
• Used for various purposes including:
Storing internal data
Analyzing the market
Analyzing users’ interest
Discovering patterns in data and more.
• Information is organized in rows and columns
(forming tables).
• Indexed information:
Easier search.
Easier modification.
Easy to add or remove data items.
4. Introduction
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 4
Data
• Facts concerning objects and events.
• A salesperson’s data:
Names
Addresses
Phone numbers
Items
Prices and more.
• Numeric data
• Textual data
• Graphic data (Pictures and videos)
• Qualitative data
• Quantitative data.
5. Introduction
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 5
Information
• Structured / processed data.
• Meaningful in some context.
• Well organized data on the basis of which an organization can take some
decision and can discover useful patterns in it.
Data Information
6. Introduction
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 6
Metadata
• Data about data.
• Describes the characteristics and context of data.
• The primary mechanism to provide the context for data.
• Examples:
Data type
Length
Maximum/minimum values
7. Traditional File Processing System
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 7
• Spreadsheets, word processing applications.
• A group of files that store data of an organization.
• Manual/computer based filling systems.
• All the departments have to maintain their own sets of files.
Limitations
• Duplicate data; complex and hard to manage.
• Separate sets of files for each department or organization.
• Limited data sharing.
• Hard to develop and maintain.
• Excessive program maintenance.
• Less security.
8. Database Management System
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 8
• A computer software for creating and maintaining databases.
• A systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data.
• An interface between the database and the user.
• DBMS manages three things:
The data.
Database Engine, used to access and modify the data.
Database Schema i.e. the logical structure of the database.
Advantages
• Data Sharing
A centralized database, visible to every user and department.
• Concurrency
Multiple users can work with the database to add, update and update data.
9. Database Management System
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 9
Advantages (continued…)
• Data Integrity
Consistent, accurate and trustworthy data.
• Data Quality
Improved data quality by specifying integrity constraints i.e. rules that can’t be
violated by database administrators.
• No Redundancy
Data is recorded in a centralized database accessible from everywhere.
• Backup and Recovery
Backup and recovery mechanism recovers the database in case of accidental loss.
• Security and Privacy
Limited access to end users.
Data can be accessed and modified only by authorized person.
Limited privileges for each user
10. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 10
Entity
• A person, place, object or event.
• Must be of some interest to the organization.
• E.g. a college database may contain Student,
Teacher, Admission and Courses etc.
• Represented by a Rectangle.
Entities
Product
Customer
Order
Sales
man
Exam
Building
Room
Course
11. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 11
Attributes
• A property of an entity that is of interest to the organization.
• E.g. the Student entity may have an id, name, address, admission number etc.
• Represented by circles, or alternatively in form of a table.
12. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 12
Relationships
• An association that represents interaction among in a database.
• For example, a student in a college may have many courses and a course can be
completed by several students.
• A relationship may be:
One to one
Many to one
Many to many
13. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 13
Entity Relationship Diagram
• A detailed logical representation of the data in an organization.
Entities
Relationships among entities
Attributes of the entities and relationships.
14. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 14
Relation
• A named, two dimensional table of data with:
A set of named columns (representing attributes)
Arbitrary number of unnamed rows (representing data values for a single entity)
• In its simplest form, a relation is denoted as:
Student (ID, Name, Address, Phone_no, Major)
• Or
15. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 15
Table
• A collection of data held in a structured format within
a database.
• Vertical columns, identified by names.
• Horizontal rows, holding data for a single entity.
• Similar to relation with some differences:
Metadata associated, e.g. constraints
May have duplicate values unlike relation.
16. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 16
Record
• A complete set of information, relevant to a specific entity.
• Also called row; comprised of a single row in a table.
• Example:
The information (values against each attribute) for a specific student.
17. Database Design Concepts
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 17
File
• A related collection of records.
• Example:
A collection of the records of all the students enrolled in a course.
Field
• A data structure for a single piece of data.
• Example:
Customer_ID, Name, Address, Phone_no are some of the fields in the table
Customer in an organization’s database.
• Fields are organized into records.
18. Database Design
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 18
Conceptual Database Design
• First step of database design.
• Entities and their relationships are recognized by studying the organization.
• Output:
Entity relationship model, comprised of entities and their relationships
19. Database Design
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 19
Logical Database Design
• An extended version of the conceptual design:
Entities, their attributes and the relationships.
Primary keys (that uniquely define entities of an entity type).
Foreign keys (used to relate two tables).
Redundancy and other anomalies removed by Normalization.
20. Database Design
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 20
Physical Database Design
• The logical database design is converted into a detailed design.
• Data types and lengths etc. of the attributes.
• The output is a design ready to be implemented.
21. Types of Database
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 21
Flat File Database
• Files with no structured relationships among the records.
• Data is stored in a single table.
• Useful for storing small amount of records.
• Example: Spreadsheets.
Document Oriented Database
• Data is stored in form of text records rather than tables.
• Useful for document based application.
Embedded Database
• Runs within an application rather than a separate database application.
• Integrated with program that needs to store data.
• Hidden from the user, requiring little or no maintenance.
22. Types of Database
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 22
Distributed Database
• A set of interconnected databases located at different locations.
• Logically a single database.
• Data is accessed and modified with the help of a network.
23. Types of Database
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 23
Centralized Database
• Located and maintained on a single location.
• Accessible from different locations via a network.
Knowledge Base
• Stores complex information used by computer systems.
• Structured or unstructured data.
• Examples:
Expert system, which uses knowledge base containing facts about a specific field.
Hypertext Database
• Used to organize large, dissimilar information.
• No regular structure, different from commonly used databases.
• Example:
Databases for maintaining encyclopedias.
24. Types of Database
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 24
Operational Databases
• Store data related to the operations in an organization.
• Used to modify (add, update or delete) data in real time.
• Example:
A database storing daily transactions data of an organization.
Online Database
• Database made accessible form the internet.
• Hosted on websites, to be accessed using a web browser.
• May be free or may require subscription.
25. MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 25
• A DBMS, part of the MS Office suite.
• Lightweight and easy to use tool for designing database.
• Not suitable for designing large scale databases.
• Used to design and maintain small scale databases.
• Key features:
Creating databases
Creating tables
Creating relations
Inserting data into tables
Data validation
Creating forms
Creating Queries
Creating reports and more.
26. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 26
Creating Database
• File New Blank desktop database.
• Choose a destination folder and click “Create”.
27. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 27
Creating Tables
• Navigate to Create tab on the ribbon and click
Table.
• A table “Table 1” will be created. Right click on it
and click “Save”.
• Name the table, e.g. Student.
28. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 28
Creating Tables (continued…)
• Each table is created with one field, the ID.
• Right click it and rename to something relevant to the table, e.g. Student_ID.
• ID field should be “Auto Number” and “Unique” as it is the primary key.
• This is done by selecting the field and navigating to the FIELDS tab on the
ribbon.
29. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 29
Creating Tables (continued…)
• To add a new field, click on “Click to Add” and select a suitable datatype, e.g.
“Short Text” for the field Name.
• Create all the fields in the table the same way
and save the table.
• Right click on the table and select “Design View”
to view the table in design view.
30. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 30
Inserting Data into Tables
• Switch to datasheet view and insert records.
• The ID will be generated automatically for each record being inserted.
31. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 31
Data Validation
• To restrict the user not to enter invalid data.
• E.g. currency and price can’t be negative, a field can accept only letters etc.
• Achieved by the use of validation rules.
• Add validation rules to a table:
Right click on the table and select
“Design View”.
Highlight the field to which a
validation rule is to be added.
Add the validation rule against
“Validation Rule” in the field
properties.
32. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 32
Validation Rules
• Example, validation rule for email field:
Is Null OR ((Like "*?@?*.?*") AND (Not Like "*[ ,;]*"))
Where “Is Null” means the field can be empty.
• Commonly used validation rules:
To do….. Validation Rule
Accept letters only Is Null OR Not Like "*[!a-z]*"
Accept digits only Is Null OR Not Like "*[!0-9]*"
Accept digits and letters only Is Null OR Not Like "*[!((a-z) or (0-9))]*"
Accept a string of exactly 5 characters Is Null OR Like "?????"
Accept a value of exactly 4 digits Is Null OR Like "####"
Accept positive numbers only Is Null OR >=0
Accept date that is not future date Is Null OR <= Date()
Accept only “Male” and “Female” Is Null OR "Male" OR "Female"
33. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 33
Creating Query
• To manipulate data in the database, e.g. to update a field or delete a record.
• Example: Update student name in the first record.
Create Query Design
Select the table (Students) and click Add.
Next, click Update in Design tab
34. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 34
Creating Query (continued…)
Double click the field (Name) to be updated.
Enter the new value in the Update To box.
Also enter the old value in the Criteria box.
Finally click Run in the Design tab to run the
query.
35. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 35
Creating Forms
• An object used to create user interface for the database.
• Used to access and view data from one or more tables in a database.
• Procedure:
Create Form Wizard
Select a table from the
dropdown list and double click
the fields which are to be added
to the form.
36. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 36
Creating Forms (continued…)
On the next screen, select a layout for the form.
Give the query a name before finishing.
In Form View, the output would be something like this.
37. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 37
Creating Reports
• An object used to display data from the database.
• Pick data from one or more tables using a query and then create a report.
• Example:
A report containing names, addresses and phone number of students.
Create a query that selects
names, addresses and
phone number of all the
students in the table.
Select the query and click
on Create Report
38. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 38
Creating Reports (continued…)
The report opens in Layout mode where its layout can be changed.
Switch to report view and you will see an output like this.
39. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 39
Importing Tables to Database
• Import wizard is used to import tables etc.
from a .mdb or .accdb database.
• EXTERNAL DATA Access
• Locate the existing database file in the wizard.
• Select “Import tables, queries, forms, reports, macros and modules”.
40. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 40
Importing Tables to Database (continued…)
• Select the tables, queries and forms etc. that are to be imported into the
database.
• Click OK to finish import. The selected items should appear in your database.
41. Database Design in MS Access
Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali 41
Linking Tables with Database
• To have one or more tables in multiple databases.
• The tables are stored in a single database and are linked to as many
databases as needed.
• Eliminates the need to enter or update the same data multiple times.
• Procedure:
Similar to importing tables to database.
Repeat the process, selecting “Link to data
sources by creating a linked table”.
The linked tables appear in the database with
a star.
42. References
Ali, R. & Ali, A. (2018). Chapter 7: Databases. Introduction to Computer
and ICT – 1st Edition (pp. 117-139). Muhalla Jangi, Qissa Khawani,
Peshawar, Pakistan: Al-ilum Publications.