The document summarizes the history and key principles of the Nuremberg Code, which was established after World War II in response to unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors on concentration camp prisoners without consent. The Nuremberg Code set forth 10 ethical principles for human experimentation, including requirements for voluntary and informed consent, that experiments yield socially useful results not obtainable by other means, and that risks to subjects be avoided wherever possible. It had a significant influence on later guidelines for ethical clinical research involving human subjects.

1. The Nuremberg Code
By
Himanshu Yadav
M. Pharm. 2nd Semester Pharmacology
Roll No. 201408006

2. Nuremberg Code
The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of research ethics principles
for human experimentation created by the USA v Brandt court as one result of
the Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War.

3. History
Before the formation of Nuremberg Code there were 3 drafted codes
1. First Prussian directive on informed consent (1891)
2. Berlin Code (1900)- directed its attention to beneficence and autonomy.
3. Guidelines to Human experimentation (1931)- Six of ten principles in Nuremberg Code
are derived from the 1931 Guidelines

4. Requirement of Ethics: Evidence From Nazi Experiments
• In Nazi Germany, German physicians planned & enacted the "Euthanasia" Program
ignoring the drafted codes
• The systematic killing of those they deemed "unworthy of life“
• The victims included the mentally retarded, the institutionalized mentally ill & the
physically impaired
• During World War II, German physicians conducted pseudoscientific medical experiments
utilizing thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent.
• Most victims died or were permanently crippled

5. Nuremberg Trials (1946-1947)
• Held from 9 Dec 1946 to 19 Aug 1947
• 22 men & 1 woman tried for participation in experiments
• The defendants in this case were charged with murders, tortures & other atrocities
committed in the name of medical science

7. Nuremberg Code
1. Voluntary Consent 2. Scientific Studies 3. Prior Knowledge
4. Injury and Suffering 5. Protection against Risk
6. Qualified Investigators
7. Freedom to Withdraw 8. Termination of Studies

8. Nuremberg Code
Voluntary Consent
• The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. It means that the
person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; without the intervention of
any element of force, fraud or other ulterior form of constraint.
• Subject should have sufficient knowledge of the elements of the subject matter involved
as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.

9. Nuremberg Code
Scientific Studies
The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society,
unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in
nature.
Prior Knowledge
The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation
and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the
anticipated results justify the performance of the experiment.

10. Nuremberg Code
Injury and Suffering
• The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental
suffering and injury.
• No experiment should be conducted where there is an a prior reason to believe that death
or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the
experimental physicians also serve as subjects.

11. Nuremberg Code
Protection against risk
• The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian
importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
• Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the
experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability or death.

12. Nuremberg Code
Qualified Investigators
The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest
degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those
who conduct or engage in the experiment.
Freedom to withdraw
During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the
experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of
the experiment seems to him to be impossible.

13. Nuremberg Code
Termination of Studies
During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate
the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good
faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him, that a continuation of the
experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

14. Significance of Nuremberg code
• The Nuremberg Code is one of several foundational documents that influenced the principles of Good
Clinical Practice (GCP).
• Good Clinical Practice is an attitude of excellence in research that provides a standard for study design,
implementation, conduct and analysis. More than a single document, it is a compilation of many thoughts,
ideas and lessons learned throughout the history of clinical research worldwide.
• Several other documents further expanded upon the principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code, including
the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report and the Common Rule.
• The goal has always been—and always will be—to conduct ethical clinical trials and protect human
subjects.

16. References
• The Nuremberg Code (1947) In: Mitscherlich A, Mielke F. Doctors of infamy: the story of
the Nazi medical crimes. New York: Schuman, 1949: xxiii-xxv.
• Ghooi RB. The Nuremberg Code-A critique. Perspect Clin Res. 2011 Apr;2(2):72-6. doi:
10.4103/2229-3485.80371. PMID: 21731859; PMCID: PMC3121268.

17. Thank You