this presentation contains an overview about immunity system and the importance of zinc and vitamin C for immunity health.

2. AGENDA
•A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
•IMMUNE SYSTEM CHALLENGES
•IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
•IMMUNO-ENHANCING ROLES OF VIT C AND
ZINC
•MARKET OVERVIEW
•ALPHACROBIC C RDA

3. BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
A Brief Overview of the Immune
System

4. Some vocabulary:
▪ Immune system : cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections.
▪ Immunology : study of structure and function of the immune system.
▪ Immunity : resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects
▪ Immune response : collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign
substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune
system
SOME VOCABULARY:

5. SOME VOCABULARY:
• ANTIBODY: A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TO
TAG AND DESTROY INVASIVE MICROBES.
• ANTIGEN: ANY PROTEIN THAT OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM USES TO RECOGNIZE
“SELF” VS. “NOT SELF.”
• EPITHELIAL (EP´ITHĒ´LĒƏL),, EPITHELIAL. N.PL CELLS THAT FORM THE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE THAT LINES BOTH THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACES OF
THE BODY; SERVE A PROTECTIVE FUNCTION AND ALSO AID IN
ABSORPTION AND SECRETION.

6. ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
❑BENEFICIAL
• DEFENSE AGAINST MICROBES
• DEFENSE AGAINST THE GROWTH OF TUMOR CELLS
KILLS THE GROWTH OF TUMOR CELLS
• HOMEOSTASIS
DESTRUCTION OF ABNORMAL OR DEAD CELLS
(E.G. DEAD RED OR WHITE BLOOD CELLS, ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX)
❑DETRIMENTAL:
•DISCOMFORT AND COLLATERAL DAMAGE (INFLAMMATION)
•DAMAGE TO SELF (HYPERSENSITIVITY OR AUTOIMMUNITY

7. IMMUNE SYSTEM
• THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS A COMPLEX AND SOPHISTICATED NETWORK
OF SPECIALIZED TISSUES, ORGANS, CELLS, PROTEINS, AND
CHEMICALS WHICH HAS EVOLVED IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE HOST
FROM A RANGE OF DANGEROUS AGENTS SUCH AS BACTERIA,
VIRUS,FUNGI, AND PARASITES.
• ORGANS
• CELLS
• MOLECULES

8. IMMUNE SYSTEM
• EVERY SECOND OF OUR LIVES, DURING DAY AND NIGHT, IMMUNE DEFENSES ARE
CONSTANTLY PROTECTING THE HUMAN BODY AGAINST ATTACK AND INVASION BY
EXTERNAL PATHOGENS SUCH AS FUNGI, BACTERIA, VIRUSES BUT ALSO AGAINST
INTERNAL THREATS SUCH AS HUMORAL PROLIFERATION. OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS
• THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM (I.E., OUR DEFENSE ARSENAL) HAS CO-EVOLVED TO
MEET VARIOUS ATTACKERS AND NOW RANGES FROM SIMPLE PHYSICAL BARRIERS
(SKIN, MUCOSA) TO SOPHISTICATED CELLS AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL
AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS (ANTIBODIES, CYTOKINES AND FREE RADICALS
RESPECTIVELY).

9. IMMUNE SYSTEM
•DESPITE THIS COMPLEXITY, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN BE
DESCRIBED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES AS CONSISTING OF
THREE MAIN LAYERS, I.E., EPITHELIAL BARRIERS (E.G., SKIN,
MUCOSA); CELLULAR DEFENSES AND HUMORAL RESPONSES
SUCH AS ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

10. IMMUNE SYSTEM:
(1) ORGANS Bone marrow

11. IMMUNE SYSTEM:
(2) CELLS
• LYMPHOCYTES
• T-LYMPHOCYTES
• B-LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS
• NATURAL KILLER LYMPHOCYTES
• MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGE
• GRANULOCYTES
• NEUTROPHILS
• EOSINOPHILS
• BASOPHILS

12. IMMUNE SYSTEM:
(3) MOLECULES
• ANTIBODIES : A PROTEIN PRODUCED BY THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM TO TAG AND DESTROY INVASIVE
MICROBES
• COMPLEMENTS: A COMPLEX PROTEIN NETWORK OF PLASMA, AND AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE INNATE IMMUNE
SYSTEM. COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION RESULTS IN THE RAPID CLEARANCE OF BACTERIA BY IMMUNE CELLS, AND
DIRECT BACTERIAL KILLING VIA LARGE PORE-FORMING COMPLEXES
• CYTOKINES: ARE A BROAD AND LOOSE CATEGORY OF SMALL PROTEINS IMPORTANT IN CELL SIGNALING.
• INTERLEUKINS : ARE A GROUP OF CYTOKINES AND A CLASS OF GLYCOPROTEINS PRODUCED BY LEUCOCYTES FOR
REGULATING IMMUNE RESPONSES.
• INTERFERONS : IFNS BELONG TO THE LARGE CLASS OF PROTEINS KNOWN AS CYTOKINES INTERFERONS ARE A GROUP
OF SIGNALING PROTEINS MADE AND RELEASED BY HOST CELLS IN RESPONSE TO THE PRESENCE OF SEVERAL
VIRUSES

13. BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY
INNATE
IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
Natural
Passive
(Maternal)
Active
(infection)
Artificial
Passive
(antibody
transfer)
Active
(immunization)

14. INNATE IMMUNITY
• BASED ON GENETIC MAKE-UP
• RELIES ON ALREADY FORMED COMPONENTS
• RAPID RESPONSE: WITHIN MINUTES OF INFECTION
• NOT SPECIFIC
• SAME MOLECULES / CELLS RESPOND TO A RANGE OF PATHOGENS
• HAS NO MEMORY
• SAME RESPONSE AFTER REPEATED EXPOSURE

15. INNATE IMMUNITY: MECHANISMS
• MECHANICAL BARRIERS / SURFACE SECRETION
• SKIN, ACIDIC PH IN STOMACH, CILIA, MUCOSAL SECRETIONS
• HUMORAL MECHANISMS (LOCATED IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS)
• LYSOZYMES, BASIC PROTEINS, COMPLEMENT, INTERFERONS
• CELLULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• NATURAL KILLER CELLS NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGES,, MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS
Neutrophil
NK Cell
Monocyte
Macrophage
Basophils & Mast cells
Eosinophils

16. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
SECOND LINE OF RESPONSE
• BASED UPON RESISTANCE ACQUIRED DURING LIFE
• RELIES ON GENETIC EVENTS AND CELLULAR GROWTH
• RESPONDS MORE SLOWLY, OVER FEW DAYS
• IS SPECIFIC
• EACH CELL RESPONDS TO A SINGLE EPITOPE ON AN ANTIGEN
• HAS ANAMNESTIC MEMORY
• REPEATED EXPOSURE LEADS TO FASTER, STRONGER RESPONSE
• LEADS TO CLONAL EXPANSION

17. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: MECHANISMS
• CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE (CMIR)
• T-LYMPHOCYTES
• ELIMINATE INTRACELLULAR MICROBES THAT SURVIVE WITHIN PHAGOCYTES
OR OTHER INFECTED CELLS
• HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE (HIR)
• B-LYMPHOCYTES
• MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES
• ELIMINATE EXTRA-CELLULAR
MICROBES AND THEIR TOXINS
Plasma cell
(Derived from B-
lymphocyte, produces
antibodies)
B lymphocytes recognize specific antigens
proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting
plasma cells

18. IMMUNE SYSTEM
CHALLENGES

19. IMMUNE SYSTEM CHALLENGES
• RECURRENT INFECTIONS (DEFINED AS TWO OR MORE SEVERE INFECTIONS IN ONE YEAR, THREE OR MORE RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS (EG, SINUSITIS, OTITIS, BRONCHITIS) IN ONE YEAR, OR THE NEED FOR ANTIBIOTICS FOR TWO MONTHS/YEAR)
•NUMEROUS PATHOGEN (STREPTOCOCCUS-STAPHYLOCOCCUS-
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE-E. COLI -SALMONELLA-ROTAVIRUS-CLOSTRIDIUM
• THE NOT-SO-COMMON COLD (A “COLD” IS AN INFECTION OF THE MUCUS MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
BY A RHINOVIRUS. OVER 100 RHINOVIRUSES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, WHICH IS ONE REASON WHY WE DON’T BECOME IMMUNE TO
“THE COLD)
• FLU” (INFLUENZA
• COVID-19.
• IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE.

20. WHAT ARE SIGNS OF A WEAK IMMUNE
SYSTEM?
• 6 SIGNS YOU HAVE A WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM
• YOUR STRESS LEVEL IS SKY-HIGH. ...
• YOU ALWAYS HAVE A COLD. ...
• YOU HAVE LOTS OF TUMMY TROUBLES. ...
• YOUR WOUNDS ARE SLOW TO HEAL. ...
• YOU HAVE FREQUENT INFECTIONS. ...
• YOU FEEL TIRED ALL THE TIME.

21. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE
&NUTRIENTS

22. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• THERE IS A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND IMMUNE
FUNCTION. HENCE, IMMUNOCOMPETENCE CAN BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE OF ADEQUATE
NUTRITION.
• INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS IN MANY IMMUNE FUNCTIONS EXIST WITHIN THE
NORMAL HEALTHY POPULATION AND ARE DUE TO AGE, GENETICS, GENDER, ETHNIC
BACKGROUND, SOCIOECONOMIC SITUATION, DIET, STRESS, HABITUAL LEVELS OF
EXERCISE, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SMOKING HABITS, ETC. IN ADDITION, SEASONAL AND
TEMPERATURE CHANGES AS WELL AS BEING IN CROWDED SPACES (E.G., WHILE
COMMUTING IN PUBLIC MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION, OR WORKING IN OPEN SPACE
OFFICES) POSE AN ADDITIONAL BURDEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

23. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• IMMUNE CELLS, LIKE OTHER CELL TYPES, NEED TO BE FED: THEY
REQUIRE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF ENERGY, MACRONUTRIENTS AND
MICRONUTRIENTS SERVING AS COFACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT,
MAINTENANCE AND EXPRESSION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE
CONTRIBUTION OF THE DIET TO IMMUNE FUNCTION HAS BECOME
WIDELY APPRECIATED AND THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS DIETARY
COMPONENTS ON SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION HAS BEEN
EXTENSIVELY REVIEWED.

24. IMMUNOCOMPETENCE &NUTRIENTS
• IT IS NOW GENERALLY RECOGNIZED THAT THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF A
PERSON MODULATES HIS OR HER IMMUNITY AND IN FACT,
IMMUNOCOMPETENCE CAN BE REGARDED AS A MEASURE OF ADEQUATE
NUTRITION. IN ADDITION TO MACRONUTRIENTS INCLUDING AMINO ACIDS,
FATTY ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, GANGLIOSIDES OR OTHER DIETARY
COMPONENTS SUCH ASPROBIOTICS, ALSO AN ADEQUATE AND REGULAR
SUPPLY OF ESSENTIAL VITAMINS AND MINERALS (INCLUDING TRACE
ELEMENTS) IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN PROPER IMMUNE FUNCTION AND
CAN HENCE CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PREVENTION ANDOVERALL HEALTH

25. ESSENTIAL IMMUNO-NUTRIENTS
• AMONG THE ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENTS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT A NORMAL
IMMUNE FUNCTION, VITAMIN C, AND THE MINERAL ZINC PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE.
THROUGH THEIR COMPLEMENTARY AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS, THEY SUPPORT
COMPONENTS OF BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY WHICH COMPRISE
EPITHELIAL BARRIERS, CELLULAR DEFENSE AND ANTIBODIES CONSTITUTING
THE THREE MAIN LINES OF IMMUNE DEFENSE. FURTHERMORE, VITAMIN C, D AND
ZINC ARE ACTIVELY USED BY CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ENGAGED IN
FIGHTING INFECTIONS LIKE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AND A
STATE OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY CAN ARISE DURING SEVERE
INFECTIONS.

26. IMMUNE-ENHANCING
ROLES OF VITAMIN C AND
ZINC

27. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF VITAMIN C
• VITAMIN C REGULATES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BECAUSE OF ITS
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND ITS ROLE IN COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS
REQUIRED FOR STABILIZATION OF EPITHELIAL BARRIERS.
• ADDITIONALLY, IT IMPACTS PHAGOCYTIC FUNCTION AND HAS AN
IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECT ON LYMPHOCYTE CELLS .
• VITAMIN C IS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED IN LEUKOCYTES AND IS USED
RAPIDLY DURING INFECTION . IN FACT, IT HAS BEEN DEFINED AS A
STIMULANT OF LEUKOCYTE FUNCTIONS, ESPECIALLY OF NEUTROPHIL
AND MONOCYTE MOVEMENT.

28. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF VITAMIN C
Immune system Function of vitamin c
Epithelial barriers • Enhances collagen synthesis and stabilization
• Protects against ROS-induced damage
• Enhances keratinocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis
• Enhances fibroblast proliferation and migration
• Shortens time to wound healing in patients
Phagocytes (neutrophils,
macrophages)
• Acts as an antioxidant/electron donor
• Enhances motility/chemotaxis
• Enhances phagocytosis and ROS generation
• Enhances microbial killing
• Facilitates apoptosis and clearance
• Decreases necrosis.
B- and T-lymphocytes • Enhances differentiation and proliferation [62,63,76–82]
• Enhances antibody levels
Inflammatory mediators • Modulates cytokine production
• Decreases histamine levels
Synergistic roles of vitamin C,and zinc in body defense

29. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTIONS
• VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED RESISTANCE TO
DISEASE
• BASED ON ITS IMMUNE-STIMULATING PROPERTIES , VITAMIN C WAS
POSTULATED TO BE EFFECTIVE IN AMELIORATING SYMPTOMS OF UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, ESPECIALLY THE COMMON COLD.
FURTHER, PLASMA AND LEUKOCYTE VITAMIN C CONCENTRATIONS FALL
RAPIDLY WITH THE ONSET OF THE INFECTION AND RETURN TO NORMAL WITH
THE AMELIORATION OF THE SYMPTOMS SUGGESTING THAT VITAMIN C
COULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR THE RECOVERY PROCESS .

30. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
• IN THIS CONTEXT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION A RECENT RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND
TRIAL STUDY SHOWING THAT DAILY SUPPLEMENTS OF VITAMIN C BOTH BOOSTED
ACTIVITY LEVELS AND REDUCED INCIDENCE OF COMMON COLD IN YOUNG MALES PRE-
SELECTED BASED ON THEIR VITAMIN C LEVELS. THE STUDYINCLUDED SUBJECTS WITH
ADEQUATE-TO-LOW VITAMIN C STATUS <45 ΜMOL/L (I.E., MARGINAL DEFICIENCY).
• WHO COMPLETED VALIDATED QUESTIONNAIRES ASSESSING UPPER RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS AND EXERCISE / PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING INTAKE OF
1000 MG VITAMIN C, THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCORE ROSE BY 39.6% VERSUS PLACEBO

31. IMMUNE FUNCTION AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
• DURING THE EIGHT-WEEK TRIAL, THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS REPORTING
COLD INDICATED A 55% RISK REDUCTION FOR VITAMIN C VERSUS PLACEBO.
FURTHERMORE, COLD DURATION WAS REDUCED BY 59% IN THE VITAMIN C
VERSUS THE PLACEBO GROUP
• THIS STUDY THEREFORE CONFIRMED THE ABILITY OF VITAMIN C TO AMELIORATE
COLD SYMPTOMS BUT SHOWED THAT IN TERMS OF COLD PREVENTION, VITAMIN C
IS EFFICACIOUS IN SUBJECTS WITH SUB-OPTIMAL LEVELS OF THIS VITAMIN
• VITAMIN C PLAYS A ROLE IN PREVENTING, SHORTENING AND ALLEVIATING DIVERSE
INFECTIONS BEYOND COLD AND RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.
• FIVE CONTROLLED TRIALS FOUND SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C AGAINST
PNEUMONIA

32. ZINC
• ZINC IS CONSIDERED KEY FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING OF BOTH INNATE
AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY AND IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTIONS
• DUE TO INADEQUATE ZINC STATUS MAY BE THE MOST COMMON CAUSE
OF SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN HUMANS
• ZN DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS CELLULAR MEDIATORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
SUCH AS PHAGOCYTOSIS OF MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS, NK
CELL ACTIVITY, GENERATION OF THE OXIDATIVE BURST AND
COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY

33. IMMUNE-ENHANCING ROLES OF ZINC
Immune system Function of vitamin c
Epithelial barriers • Cellular proliferation (thickness
• maintenance)
Phagocytes (neutrophils,
macrophages)
• Deficiency impairs phagocytosis
B- and T-lymphocytes • Proliferation of stem cells
• B and T-cell differentiation
• Antibody production by B-cells
• Destruction of infected tissue cells and
• tumors
Synergistic roles of vitamin C,and zinc in body defense

34. ZINC
• WORLDWIDE, ZINC DEFICIENCY IS AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM
AFFECTING 2 BILLION PEOPLE. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT A CONSIDERABLE
PROPORTION EVEN OF THE WESTERN POPULATION IS AT RISK OF MARGINAL ZINC
DEFICIENCY.
• LOW CONSUMPTION IN FOODS RICH IN BIOAVAILABLE ZINC SUCH AS MEAT,
PARTICULARLY READ MEAT, AND HIGH CONSUMPTION OF FOODS RICH IN
INHIBITORS OF ZINC ABSORPTION, SUCH AS PHYTATE, CERTAIN DIETARY FIBERS
AND CALCIUM, CAUSE ZINC DEFICIENCIES
• MANY OF THE ALTERATIONS OBSERVED IN ZINC DEFICIENCY ARE CONSIDERED TO
BE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
INFECTIONS, ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY.

35. ZINC AND RISK OF INFECTION
• ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCES BOTH THE RISK AND DURATION OF
PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN AND IS ALSO BENEFICIAL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
INFANTILE DIARRHEA
• ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION TO MAINTAIN A NORMAL SERUM CONCENTRATION
MAY HELP TO REDUCE THE MEAN INCIDENCE OF INFECTIONS (I.E., COMMON
COLD, COLD SORES AND FLU) [81] AS WELL AS THE INCIDENCE OF PNEUMONIA
AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY IN THE ELDERLY [82]. IT HAS BEEN REPORTED
THAT
• ADEQUATE ZINC SUPPLY COULD PREVENT AGE-RELATED DISEASES IN THE
ELDERLY SUCH AS CANCER, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DEMENTIA, ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE, ETC.

36. ZINC AND RISK OF INFECTION
• WHEN IT COMES TO THE COMMON COLD, ZINC SALTS HAVE BEEN
FOUND TO INHIBIT RHINOVIRUS REPLICATION IN VITRO
• HEMILÄ ANALYZED A SUBSET OF THE COCHRANE STUDIES CONSISTING
OF 13 PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIALS USING EXCLUSIVELY ZINC
LOZENGES
• THREE TRIALS USED ZINC ACETATE INDICATE A 42% REDUCTION IN THE
DURATION OF COLDS. FIVE TRIALS USED ZINC SALTS OTHER THAN
ACETATE AND AGAIN THE POOLED RESULTS SHOW A 20% REDUCTION
IN THE DURATION OF COLDS.

37. ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION AND COVID-
19 MORTALITY: A META-ANALYSIS
• A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH HAS CONDUCTED FOR MANUSCRIPTS THROUGH
PUBMED/MEDLINE AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR (COCHRANE GUIDELINE HAS
CONSIDERED IT AS THE GRAY LITERATURE) UP TO SEPTEMBER 2021 FOR
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON COVID-19 MORTALITY.
• AFTER ASSESSMENT, FIVE STUDIES WITH 1506 PARTICIPANTS IN CASE AND
CONTROL GROUPS WERE INCLUDED IN META-ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION : THIS META-ANALYSIS HAS SUGGESTED THAT ZINC
SUPPLEMENTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER MORTALITY RATE IN COVID-19
PATIENTS. ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION COULD BE CONSIDERED AS A SIMPLE WAY AND
COST BENEFIT APPROACH FOR REDUCTION OF MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
Eur J Med Res 2022 May 23;27(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00694-z.

38. MARKET
OVERVIEW

39. VITAMIN C
COMBINATIONS
MARKET SIZE
AND KEY
PLAYERS
"MAT Sep
2022Units"
"MAT Sep
2022Units
Market
Share"
"MAT Sep
2022LC
Value"
Total market 3,980,518 0.16% 257,147,582
IMMUNO-MASH 2,518,318 63.27% 188,787,300
LIMITLESS C-ZINC
252,441 6.34% 12,117,168
C ZINC 153,859 3.87% 11,620,500
VITACID C PLUS 303,054 7.61% 10,606,890
C-RETARD+ZINC 204,422 5.14% 9,403,412

40. COMPETITOR
LANDSCAPE
Product Ingredients Pack &
Price
Corpora
te
IMMUNO-MASH
Vitamin C 500 mg +
Zinc 23.9 mg
30 caps/75
l.e
MASH
LIMITLESS C-ZINC 100 mg Vitamin C / 5
mg Zinc
30 caps/75
l.e
EVA
C ZINC 600 mg Vitamin C / 20
mg Zinc
30 caps/75
l.e
COPAD
VITACID C PLUS
1000 mg Vitamin C / 10
mg Zinc
12 EFF TAB/35
l.e
CID
C-RETARD+ZINC 500 mg Vitamin C / 5
mg Zinc
20 caps/46
l.e
HIKMA

41. TARGETING AND POSITIONING
TARGETING POSITIONING CONSUMER PROMISE
PULM
IM
G.P
O.T.C
Immuno-enhancing formula
comprises super immune-nutrients
with the highest strength .
An ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cures