Interpersonal Health Communication Interpersonal Media for Individual Health Education

Interpersonal Health Communication and
Interpersonal media for Individual health
education
Prepared by
Sarmila Baral
Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
10/08/2019 MPH_3RD SEM_PU 1

Contents
1. The place of interpersonal health
communication and media in individual
health education
2.Survey of individual health behavior
that best suited for the use of
interpersonal health communication
and interpersonal media
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INTRODUCTION
Communication is a dynamic, reciprocal process of
sending and receiving messages. Communication is
more than the act of talking and listening
Interpersonal Communication is a type of
communication between two people. Face to Face
conversation between two people is the most
frequent form of interpersonal communication.
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Interpersonal health communication
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Source: https://www.thecompassforsbc.org/how-to-guides/how-plan-interpersonal-
communication-intervention

Introduction cont.…
Interpersonal Communication is face to face verbal
or non-verbal exchange of information and feelings
between two or more people. Each time a service
provider has contact with a client, communication
is taking place.
Essential elements of interpersonal
communication:
People, message, channels, noise, feedback,
context, effect
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When to use IPC?
The audience is not reached by other channels or
does not regularly access health services
Information needs to be reinforced, clarified and
discussed in depth – social norms or cultural
barriers that need to change
Content is challenging or sensitive
Demonstrations are required like putting on a
condom correctly, hand washing correctly, etc.
When social support is a key determinant of the
behaviour being addressed.
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Areas and types of IEC Materials in IPC
Material Area
Posters Family Planning, Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS,
Maternal Health, Immunizations, Breastfeeding, Youth,
Nutrition
Flipbooks Family Planning, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Integrated
Management of Childhood Illnesses, Safe Motherhood in
the Community
Pamphlets Family Planning, Integrated Management of Childhood
Illnesses
Newsletter Health Matters
Models and samples Uterus, Family Planning commodities and devices
Cue cards Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV/AIDS, Family Planning,
Pregnancy, Post delivery, Infant Nutrition, Breast Feeding,
Child Growth and Monitoring, Immunization and Vitamin A
7

Importance of interpersonal communication
Benefits for clients :short terms
An accurate diagnosis is reached because the client
discloses enough information about his/her illness
Medium term: The client adheres to his/her
treatment because he/she understands it and is
committed to it
Long term: The client utilizes follow-up services
The client is better able to maintain his/her health
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Benefits for provider
Improved quality of services leads to increased
number of clients
 More efficient and effective diagnosis and
treatment reduces costs for providers
 Effective communication reduces workload
and saves time because it reduces instances of
inaccurate diagnosis, inappropriate treatment,
and poor adherence
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Health system benefits
Increased efficiency
 Greater cost-effectiveness
Healthier population
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Key elements of effective IPC
Creating a Caring Atmosphere
Building Partnerships with Clients
Bridging of Social Distance
Fostering Two-way Dialogue
Providing Opportunities for Patients to Speak
About Their Illness
Using Verbal Communication Effectively
Using Non-Verbal Communication Effectively
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GATHER Approach for Counselling
GREET your clients politely and with a smile.
 ASK your clients about reasons for coming.
TELL your clients about their choices
HELP your clients choose treatment options that
suit them.
EXPLAIN fully how to carry out the client’s
treatment option.
REFER your clients to other suitable health
facilities.
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3. Normal and Therapeutic
communication
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Normal interpersonal communication
Normal interpersonal communication refers
individual to individual communication process by
using different media and materials for change in
KAP.
It mainly focuses on exchange of ideas between
person to person then enhance the knowledge not
focuses on explore the barriers.
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Therapeutic communication
Therapeutic communication means that type of
communication used in professional settings that is
used between health care providers and
patient/relatives.
Physician, nurse use their communication in such
a way that it will be benefit to their patient.
Introduces an element of “empathy’’ into what
can be traumatic experience for the patient and
also the patient are made to feel validated.
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Therapeutic communication cont..
Purposeful and goal oriented as well as to develop
trust and build rapport
It impels a feeling of comfort in the face of
patient.
To increase self-worth or decrease psychological
distress by collecting information to determine the
illness, assessing and modifying the behaviour and
providing health information.
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Five ways to facilitate therapeutic
communication
1. Maintain patient – centred teaching
2. Suppress prejudices
3. Create a therapeutic environment
4. Be alert to non verbal clues
5. Establish a trusting relationship
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Normal interpersonal communication Therapeutic interpersonal communication
process of individual to individual
communication for change in KAP of
individual.
helps to find out inner barriers in individual.
targeted to normal individual of people and
providing health message for maintaining daily
healthy activities
It is poor marginalized individual-centred; it
includes individual awareness, information,
self-care learning and psychosocial support
regarding health risk.
designed to provide health related information
by using health communication materials for
increase the knowledge improve positive
attitudes and change the behaviors with out
assessment of internal barriers of the
individual.
designed to help find out non verbal barriers
through non verbal gesture process for live
healthily, and maintain or improve their quality
of life.
Applied in mother for awareness of maternal
and child health care practices.
Applied in family planning users mothers with
poor socioeconomic status for assessment of
tradition and taboos which hinders to healthy
practices so it helps to provide cultural
sensitive information for change in KAP.10/08/2019 MPH_3RD SEM_PU 18

4. Diagnosis of various types of
barriers to effective interpersonal
health communication, use of
interpersonal media and measures
to overcome them
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Common Barriers to Effective Communication
1. The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar
and/or technical terms.
2. Emotional barriers and taboos.
Emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-
limits' or taboo. Taboo or difficult topics may
include, but are not limited to, politics, religion,
disabilities (mental and physical), sexuality and sex,
racism and any opinion that may be seen as
unpopular.
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Barriers cont.…
3. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or
irrelevance to the receiver.
4. Differences in perception and viewpoint.
5. Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or
speech difficulties.
6. Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
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7. Language differences and the difficulty in
understanding unfamiliar accents
8. Expectations and prejudices which may lead to
false assumptions or stereotyping
9. Cultural differences
The norms of social interaction vary greatly in
different cultures, as do the way in which emotions
are expressed.
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Barriers cont.…

Categorization of communication
Barriers
Language barrier
Psychological barrier(stress, anger, self esteem)
Physiological barriers(hearing, speaking difficulty)
Physical: geographical distance
Systematic barrier(inappropriate channel)
Attitudinal barrier(motivation level)
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Tips to Effective Interpersonal
Communication
Don not show negative body language
Do not interrupt other
Think before you speaking
Do not be defensive
Do not deviate
Be confident about ideas
Use right communication method
Shake hands firmly
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5. Skills required for developing
and using interpersonal health
communication and media
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1. Listening
2. Nonverbal
Communication
3. Clarity and Concision
4. Friendliness
5. Confidence
6. Empathy
7. Open-Mindedness
8. Respect
9. Feedback
10. Selection of the Right
Medium
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Top 10 Communication Skills

Top 10 Communication Skills
1. Listening
Being a good listener is one of the best ways to be a
good communicator.
No one likes communicating with them who only
talk themselves, and does not take the time to listen
to the other person.
Active listening involves paying close attention to
what the other person is saying, asking clarifying
questions.
Through active listening, you can better understand
what the other person is trying to say, and can
respond appropriately.
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Communication Skills contd…
2. Nonverbal Communication
Your body language, eye contact, hand gestures, and
tone all color the message you are trying to convey.
A relaxed, open posture (arms open, legs relaxed),
and a friendly tone will make you friendly, and
encourage others to speak openly with you.
Eye contact is also important; you want to look the
person in the eye to demonstrate that you are
focused on the person and the conversation
Also pay attention to other people's nonverbal
signals while you are talking.
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Communication Skills cont.…
3. Clarity and Concision
Good communication means saying just enough
(don't say too little or talk too much). Try to convey
your message in a few words as possible.
4. Friendliness
Through a friendly tone, a personal question, or
simply a smile, you will encourage your coworkers
to engage in open and honest communication with
you.
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Communication Skills cont.….
5. Confidence
It is important to be confident in all of your
interactions with others.
6. Empathy
It is important for you to understand and respect
their point of view
7. Open-Mindedness
A good communicator should enter any
conversation with a flexible and in open mind.
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Communication Skills cont.….
8. Respect:
Simple actions like using a person's name, making
eye contact, and actively listening when a person
speaks will make the person feel appreciated
9. Feedback:
Being able to appropriately give and receive
feedback
10. Selection of the Right Medium
skill is to simply know what form of communication
to use.
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Examples of interpersonal skills
1. Listening skills
Listening skills are one of the best examples of
interpersonal skills. There isn’t a way to
communicate without listening.
2. Ask Questions
To ask questions means that you are not a passive
listener. It means that you listen carefully and pay
attention to others’ words.
Asking the right questions is the basis of effective
communications. Right questions will help you to
gather better information and to learn more.
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Interpersonal skills cont.…
3. Verbal interpersonal skills
They include listening and questioning. They also
combine word choice, clarity of speech, tone, and
volume, being polite.
Actually, when you speak to others, you are
expressing your verbal interpersonal abilities.
Verbal and non-verbal skills have to be in a good
cooperation and balance to achieve effective
communications.
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4.Non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication-When we use wordless
signals, gestures, body signs, we use our non-verbal
abilities.
wide range of body language signs such as eye
contact, the way we sit, how close we stand, even
the way we eat.
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5. Problem-solving skills
Good problem-solving skills have a huge impact on
your career and your personal life.
Problem solving requires two distinct types of
mental skill, analytical (ordering, comparing,
contrasting, evaluating and selecting) and creative
(create a large range of ideas for solutions).
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6. Self-control and self-confidence
When you have self-confidence, you show people
that they can trust you and can rely on you.
Self-control is one of the main reason for huge
success.
7. Time management skill
In our hustle and busy lifestyle, time management
abilities are becoming more and more important.
Prioritization of tasks and scheduling are the key
elements of a good time management.
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6. Preparation of appropriate and effective
prototype interpersonal health
communication media plan on health
promotion/education themes such as
nutrition, cession of substance abuse using
appropriate communication theories and
models
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Prototype Interpersonal health
communication media plan
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Introduction
Tobacco products contain the addictive drug
nicotine as well as many other toxic chemicals.
The use of tobacco, in any form, can lead to
addiction, significant morbidity, and premature
death.
Different varieties of tobacco products are used in
Nepal in both smoking and smokeless forms. The
smoking forms are cigarette, bidi, hookah, chillum
or kankad.
10/08/2019 39

The smokeless tobacco products include surti
leaves, khaini, gutkha and paan with tobacco
ingredients
Smoking harms not just the smoker but also family
members, co-workers and others who inhale the
smoke
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Statement of problem
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stepwise
approach to non-communicable disease risk factor
surveillance (STEPS) was carried out in Nepal in
2007.
The survey revealed that 35.5% of men and 15% of
women smoked tobacco products and 31.2% of
men and 4.6% of women used smokeless tobacco.
The prevalence of smoking among adult females in
Nepal is one of the highest in the WHO South-East
Asia Region
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Problem cont.….
According to WHO factsheet 2018, tobacco kills
27137 people each year.(14.9% of all death).
Tobacco control is essential for preventing and
controlling deaths and disability caused by CVDs.
6M current tobacco users and a substantial number
of people exposed to second hand smoke are at
increased risk of CVDs.
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Among Nepalese youth aged 13-15 years, the
prevalence of current tobacco use is 20.4% and the
prevalence of current cigarette use is 3.1%.(GYTS
2011)
Tobacco use is more common among Nepalese men
than women (52% compared with 13%).(NDHS 2011)
School based study from Kathmandu showed that 22
% of students were ever smoker whereas 17 % were
currently smoker and study recommended family and
school based intervention.
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Objectives
General Objective:
To conduct health education program through
individual method on prevention and cessation of
smoking and tobacco use among school
adolescents.
Specific Objectives:
To increase knowledge about prevention and
cessation of smoking and tobacco consumption.
To develop positive intention towards prevention
and cessation of smoking and tobacco
consumption.10/08/2019 44

Theme: Tobacco cessation
Method: Counseling
Target group: School Adolescent (13 – 19 years)
Place: School
Tools
◦ Pictorials (oral cancer as depicted in chewing tobacco
products, lung cancer in wrapper of cigarette)
◦ Flip chart
◦ Brochure
◦ Counseling card
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Counselling process
1. Rapport building
2. Identifying client’s need or problems
3. Finding the way to solve the problem
4. Maintaining patience
5. Keeping secret
6. Follow up
10/08/2019 46

Model for health education-HBM
Construct Definition (for Tobacco Users)
Perceived
Susceptibility
Tobacco user’s perceived chances of developing smoking-related conditions (i.e. Oral
diseases lung cancer, CVD, gum disease, infertility, etc.)
Perceived
Severity
Tobacco user’s beliefs regarding seriousness of various smoking-related conditions and
the consequences of these conditions.
Perceived
Benefits
Tobacco user’s opinion/belief in the efficacy of the advised action for smoking cessation
in reducing various health risks.
Perceived
Barriers
Tobacco user’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action for
quitting smoking. Tobacco users should weigh the benefits which are going to change
his quality of life with barriers, which are stopping him from quitting tobacco use.
Cues to
Action
Strategies to activate "readiness" to quit within tobacco user. They are stimulants which
facilitate decision making
Self-Efficacy Tobacco user’s confidence in their ability to terminate use of tobacco
10/08/2019 47

Implementing strategy
Clarifying the risks of continued use of tobacco and the
benefits of reducing use or quitting.
Apprehensive clients facing harmful health consequences
are more likely to take action to quit.
Helping the client identify strategies for overcoming
barriers to quitting
Providing "cues to action" that activate readiness to
change. These cues include medical symptoms, doctor’s
recommendation, reminders from a health plan, and media
campaign.
Strengthening self-efficacy
10/08/2019 48

Detail Plan of Action
S.N Area of
Message
Message Material Time
1 Tobacco use
and situation in
Nepal
 Smoking harms not just the smoker but also family
members, co-workers and others who inhale the
smoke. The use of tobacco, in any form, can lead to
addiction, significant morbidity, and premature death.
 Different varieties of tobacco products are used in
Nepal in both smoking and smokeless forms. The
smoking forms are cigarette, bidi, hookah, chillum or
kankad. The smokeless tobacco products include surti
leaves, khaini, gutkha and paan
 According to Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2011,
among Nepalese youth aged 13-15 years, the
prevalence of current tobacco use is 20.4% and the
prevalence of current cigarette use is 3.1%
Poster,
pamphlets
10 min
10/08/2019 49

2 Causes and
harmful
health effects
of tobacco use
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ of the body,
causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers
in general
 Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop
heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer
 Smokers are at greater risk for diseases that affect the
heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease)
 Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging airways
and the small air sacs (alveoli) found in lungs.(COPD,
Bronchitis, Lung cancer)
 Smoking cause almost all types of cancer
 Smoking increases risk for
 Preterm delivery, stillbirth, LBW, ectopic pregnancy
Flip chart 10 min
10/08/2019 50

3 Anticipatory
guidance and
Healthy
alternative
behaviors
 Craving busters
 Avoid isolation(call friend, volunteer)
 Distract yourself at home(clean home, read book,
watch comic show)
 Keep hand and mind busy
 Be active
 Get out and about
Poster, flip
chart,
brochure
10
min
4 Benefits of
quitting
tobacco
 Brain: broken addiction cycle
 Sharp hearing, better vision ,clean mouth, clear skin
 Heart: Decreased heart risk, lowered blood pressure,
thin blood, lowered cholesterol
 Lung: Prevent emphysema
 Stomach: Smaller belly,
 normal estrogen level in women, sexual healing
 Immune system: Stronger immune system, stronger
Poster, flip
chart
10
min
10/08/2019 51

Evaluation Plan
Evaluation will be done on basis of pertest and
post-test.
10/08/2019 52

References
◦ Anticipatory Guidance.pdf.
◦ Barriers to Effective Communication | Skills You Need [WWW
Document], URL https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/barriers-
communication.html (accessed 6.28.19).
◦ Health Education Model for Smoking Cessation, 2016. . Free Essays -
PhDessay.com. URL https://phdessay.com/health-education-model-
for-smoking-cessation/ (accessed 7.1.19).
◦ Kiernan, M.P., 2002. Adolescent Tobacco Use: Prevention and
Cessation. Ochsner J. 4, 78–82.
◦ Nepal: Discussing drug abuse in schools - youth centric programmes
help in creating awareness [WWW Document], URL
https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2013/July/nepal-
discussing-drug-abuse-in-schools.html (accessed 6.29.19).
◦ nep_gyts_fs_2011.pdf
◦ October 15, T.M.| U., 2018, 101 Things to Do Instead of Smoking
[WWW Document]. Very well Mind. URL
https://www.verywellmind.com/things-to-do-instead-of-smoking-
2824746 (accessed 7.3.19).
10/08/2019 53

Predictors of smoking among the secondary high school boy students based
on the health belief model Mohammadi S, Ghajari H, Valizade R, Ghaderi N,
Yousefi F, Taymoori P, Nouri B - Int J Prev Med [WWW Document], URL
http://www.ijpvmjournal.net/article.asp?issn=2008-
7802;year=2017;volume=8;issue=1;spage=24;epage=24;aulast=Mohammadi
(accessed 7.1.19).
Reisi, M., Javadzade, S.H., Shahnazi, H., Sharifirad, G., Charkazi, A., Moodi,
M., 2014. Factors affecting cigarette smoking based on health-belief model
structures in pre-university students in Isfahan, Iran. J. Educ. Health Promot.
3. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.127614
Renuka, P., Pushpanjali, K., 2014. Effectiveness of Health Belief Model in
Motivating for Tobacco Cessation and to Improving Knowledge, Attitude and
Behavior of Tobacco Users. Cancer Oncol. Res. 8.
The health benefits of quitting smoking [WWW Document], URL
https://www.quit.org.au/articles/the-health-benefits-of-quitting-smoking/
(accessed 7.1.19).
VALENTE, T.W., 1996. Mass-Media-Generated Interpersonal Communication
as Sources of Information about Family Planning. J. Health Commun. 1, 247–
266. https://doi.org/10.1080/108107396128040
wntd_2018_nepal_fs.pdf
Pandey MR, Pathak RP, Shrestha S, Saud S. National Global Youth Tobacco
Survey (GYTS) and National Global School Personnel Survey (GSPS) in Nepal
2007.10/08/2019 54

7. Practice in designing, producing,
using, judging interpersonal
communication media/materials
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Process of media development
1. Conducting formative research
In-depth analysis of the health communication
environment in relation to the specific health issue
2. Selecting an appropriate type of media
Consider the status, interest and objective of the
audience.
 Easy to see and understand.
 Should be simple and direct.
 Clear, attractive and good condition.
Belief of audience on media.
 Appropriate according to time, place and situation
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Process cont.…
3.Preparation of draft and pre-testing
Test , re-test and revise media
4. Developing Low-Cost Print and other audio-
visual materials
5. Developing resource material in collaboration
with media practitioners
6. Developing liaison with Press/Private media
practitioners: Developing a strong relationship with
journalists, bloggers and content writers
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7. Developing Community Radio
Non--profit radio which serves the community in
which it is located or to whom it is addressed
8. Creating Information Hub Centre
Plan, develop, learn and connect various
information
9. Finalizing and use of media in various settings
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Process cont.…

8. Dissemination of health
messages through person-to-
person communication
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Dissemination of message
1. Situation analysis for the key messages
2. Development of key messages
3. Criteria
As per the objective and interest of participants
4. Key messages arrangement:
Short and sweet messages
Key informative
Easy to recall
Disseminating by adopting appropriate skill:
Clearance during dissemination
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ReferencesBarriers to Effective Communication | SkillsYouNeed [WWW Document], URL
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/barriers-communication.html (accessed
6.28.19).
Effective Communication Tips | SkillsYouNeed [WWW Document], URL
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/rhubarb/effective-interpersonal-
communication.html (accessed 6.28.19).
Kragen, K. Interpersonal communication: A first look Chapter 1: 34.
Donné, L., Jansen, C., Hoeks, J., 2017. Uncovering Factors Influencing
Interpersonal Health Communication. Glob. Qual. Nurs. Res. 4.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393617711607
Health Communication Course: Module 3 - Interpersonal Communication (IPC)
[WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.uniteforsight.org/health-
communication-course/module3 (accessed 7.2.19).
VALENTE, T.W., 1996. Mass-Media-Generated Interpersonal Communication as
Sources of Information About Family Planning. J. Health Commun. 1, 247–266.
https://doi.org/10.1080/108107396128040
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Interpersonal Health Communication Interpersonal Media for Individual Health Education

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