The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its use for wildlife tracking. It provides a brief history of GPS, explaining how earlier receivers were too large for animal tracking but technology has advanced, enabling smaller GPS devices. It describes how GPS works with satellite and user segments, and how wildlife biologists attach GPS receivers to animals to remotely track their movements and study behavior. Examples are given of attachment methods like collars, harnesses and direct attachment. Real-time monitoring of wildlife is now possible with lightweight GPS devices as small as 5 grams.

1. ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: GLOBEL POSITIONING SYSTEM(GPS)
Name Hafiz M Waseem
ROLL NO. Mcf-1901171
Semester 2nd (E)
Department Zoology
Subject Wild life
Presented to Sir Zahid ab
Presented date 22-06-2020

2. What is GPS?
GPS wildlife tracking is a
process
whereby biologists, scientific
researchers or conservation
agencies can remotely
observe relatively finescale
movement or migratory
patterns in a free-ranging
wild animal using the Global
Positioning System.

3. GPS: HISTORY
The first GPS receivers were developed by
Magellan in 1989 and weighed 840 g with a
volume of 885 cm3.
 These were therefore impractical for animal
applications
Large commercial markets have been responsible
for the rapid advances in GPS receiver technology.
 By the mid-1990s, the larger GPS manufacturing
companies shifted their marketing plans to the
manufacturing of receiver engines and chip sets.

4. GPS: HISTORY
During the past 35 years, new technologies
have been developed for remotely tracking
and studying free-ranging animals,
It is advances in technology continue to
increase opportunities for incorporating
tracking and biotelemetry to study animal
behaviour and ecology
It is advantages to obtaining animal positions
from GPS over other technologies.

5. GPS: HISTORY
GPS allows position determination on the
surface of the Earth and in the air.
GPS systems are highly accurate and
repeatable compared with very high
frequency (VHF)
GPS has 24-hour coverage, with position
updates available in rapid succession (one
location update per second is typical).

6. GPS: a brief system overview
The GPS, also known as NAVSTAR,
It began in 1973 when the United States
Department of Defense developed a satellite-
based three-dimensional positioning system
with 24-hour worldwide coverage.
The initial design was four satellites to be in
view from any position on the Earth's surface
at any time.

7. Three segment of GPS
1)Space Segment
GPS Satellite constellation composed of 24
operational satellites in space.
 20,200 km elevation above Earth
2)Control Segment
Monitor are control GPS satellites .
 One master control station (MCS) .
 Five monitor stations .
 Three ground antennas

8. Three segment of GPS
3)User Segment
The User
Segment consists
of all earth-
based GPS
receivers.
 The user
segment is
totally user
community, both
civilian and
military

9. Tracking of Wild Animals :-
Animals are
equipped with
GPS receivers and
with Wireless
transmitters.
Then GPS
determined
position is
transmitted to the
control station.
 This information
is used to track
animals and for
studying their

10. Installation of GPS Devices
Collar Attachment
Collar attachment is the primary attachment
technique where the subject has a suitable body
type and behaviour.
 Tracking collars would normally be used on the
animal's neck but also on a limb, perhaps around
an ankle.
Suitable animals for neck attachment would
include primates, large cats, some bears etc.
Limb attachment would work well in animals
such as kiwi, where the foot is much larger than
the ankle.

12. Harness Attachment
 Harness attachments may used in situations where collar
attachment is not suitable, such as animals whose neck
diameter may exceed that of the head.
 Examples of this type of animal may include Tasmanian
devils, Large, long-necked, birds such as the greylag goose

13. Direct Attachment
 Direct attachment is used on animals where a collar cannot
be used, such as birds, reptiles and marine mammals.
 In the case of birds, the GPS unit must be very lightweight to
avoid interfering with the bird's ability to fly or swim.
 The device is usually attached by gluing or using epoxy (or
similar material), for short deployments, taping to the bird.
 The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird next
moults.

14. GPS devices attach direct with body

15. Other Attachment Methods
Other applications include rhinoceros tracking, for
which a hole may be drilled in the animal's horn and
a device implanted.
Compared to other methods, implanted transmitters
may suffer from a reduced range as the large mass
of the animal's body can absorb some transmitted
power.

16. GPS devices starting at 5 grams of total
weight
 GPS Tracking System for wildlife with the best technology and
maximum battery life.
 These systems are also lightweight and humane for the study
animals.
 Our hand crafted GPS, starting at 5 grams total weight, is ideal for
small mammals, herp, and birds.
 GPS devices starting at 5 grams of totalweight

17. GPS devices starting at 5 grams of total
weight

18. Hunt for buried treasure with your
coworkers
Geo caching
involves using a
GPS that you load
with coordinates,
and then finding a
buried treasure in
parks and other
public places.

19. Hunt for buried treasure with your
coworkers

20. Catch more fishes by GPS
There's nothing
quite like using a GPS
when fishing
 it even beats a
depth finder or fish
finder because you
can find fishing spots
that other people
rave about.

21. Catch more fishes by GPS

22. Real-time monitoring

23. Advantages
 This method is fast and convenient as
compared to other system.
This does not require human attention as this
is completely self-independent and
automated system.

24. Disadvantage
In actual use this project will be operated on a
rechargeable battery.
So this battery needs to be recharged.
For the longer operation of battery, we need to use
low power consumption devices, ICs and
components.
this will increase the cost of the system.
Future Development
We can add more sensors to monitor health
parameters.

25. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
 GPS technology is used extensively in geographic information
systems.
 These systems combine cellular data networks for
communication.

26. Car Navigation Systems :-
 A car navigation system uses a specialized computer
that use the signals from GPS satellites to track the
driver's progress on a digital map.
 It may provides services like the shortest route, etc.

27. 3-D Modeling
 Three-dimensional
(3D) modeling in
transportation
construction is a
mature technology
that serves as the
building block for
the modern-day
digital jobsite.
 The technology
allows for faster,
more accurate and
more efficient
planning and
construction.

28. tower and cockpit. Aviation
 GPS technology is being applied in aircraft safety systems,
air traffic control system, and zero visibility landing.
 GPS technology can be used to plot aircraft altitude to a
pitch of one-tenth of one degree.
 In future, it is expected to reduce the number of people
required in the control

29. Emergency Systems :-
 GPS technology is being used to develop emergency messaging products.
 With the aid of a wireless communication link, the emergency system
communicates the GPS derived position information and the specifies the
situation to the base station.
 GPS based car alarms with GPS to locate stolen cars are being considered
by the automobile industry.

30. GPS Aides for the Blind :-
Real time GPS along
with digitized maps
and possibly audio
capability can
provide useful
navigational
capabilities to the
blind.

31. Other Applycation
 Improving Agriculture
 Monitoring Vehicle
Usage
 Tracking Endangered
Species
 Tracking Children and
Elderly Individuals
 Real-world Gaming
 Google Maps for Mobile
 Doggy GPS
 Near Air Quality
Monitoring
 GPS with Physiological
sensors for Runners

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