Tutorial on LATEX: A Computer Program for Typesetting Documents

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar
LATEX-Software
Tutorial on LATEX: A Computer Program
for Typesetting Documents
Dr. Mehar Chand
Department of Computer Science
Baba Farid College, Bathinda-151001
March 15, 2020
Mehar Chand Tutorial on LATEX-Software

Tutorial on
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Mehar Chand
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Mehar Contents
1 Introduction
2 LATEX Software Installation
3 Layout of document
4 Environments
5 Packages
6 Math-typing
7 Font-size
8 url-hyper
9 Spacing
10 Tables
11 Insert Image
12 Multicolumn
13 Special-Cha

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Latex software
LATEX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes
features designed for the production of technical and
scientiﬁc documentation.
It takes a computer ﬁle, prepared according to the LATEX
rule and converts it to a form that may be printed on a
high-quality printer, such as a laser writer, to produce a
printed document of a quality comparable with good
quality books and journals.
Simple documents, which do not contain mathematical
formulae or tables may be produced very easily and
effectively.
It is particularly suited to the production of long articles
and books, since it has facilities for the automatic
numbering of chapters, sections, theorems, equations
etc., and also has facilities for cross-referencing.

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Why LATEX is more important?
TEX math mode is a thing of beauty. Equations come
out looking correct.
TEX is guaranteed to be bug free.
There are no TEX ”macro” viruses. You can safely
receive TEX documents by email and not worry about it
reading your OutLook address book and mailing copies
of itself to all your friends and colleagues.
TEX has no GUID (Globally Unique Identifier). Word
documents are embedded with a code that can be
traced back to your computer
TEX versions are not incompatible. The file format has
never changed. The prepared file can be used in any
system, any version can be used for the same file.
TEX documents are small and lean.

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Mehar LATEX Software
LATEX is open source software and is free available. It can
be easily download from internet. The package of LATEX
includes
Basic MikTeX
Tex editor(Texniccenter, Texmaker and Winedit)

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Mehar Installation of LATEX Software
First install Basic MikTex
Then install Tex editor Texniccenter or Texmaker If
you are installing Texniccenter give path
C:Program FilesMiKTeX 2.9miktexbin.exe

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Mehar The Layout of document
Definition (Preamble of LaTeX)
The preamble is the first section of an input file, before the
text of the document itself, in which you tell LATEX the type of
document, and other information LATEX will need to format
the document correctly.

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documentclass[option]{class}
This part is preamble of LaTeX,
All the supporting packages and
commands are define here...
usepackage{...}
begin{document}
end{document}
The options parameter customises the behaviour of the
document.
Here class speciﬁes the type of document to be created.

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Document Options
Paper: a4paper, a5paper, legalpaper, letterpaper,
executivepaper, etc.
Font Size: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt (1 inch = 2.54cm, 1 inch =
72.27pt)
onecolumn, twocolumn
twoside, oneside
landscape
openright, openany (Makes chapters begin either only
on right hand pages or on the next page available)
ﬂeqn (Typesets displayed formulas left-aligned instead
of centred)
leqno (Places the numbering of formulas on the left
hand side instead of the right)

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Document Classes
article–for articles in scientiﬁc journals, presentations,
short reports, program documentation, invitations etc.
proc–a class for proceedings based on the article
class.
report–for longer reports containing several chapters,
small books, PhD theses etc.
book–for real books.
slides–for slides.
documentclass[a4paper, 11pt, leqno]{article}
documentclass[legalpaper, 12pt, reqno,
twoside, openright]{book}

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Page Style
pagestyle{style}
plain–prints the page numbers on the bottom of the
page, in the middle of the footer. This is the default
page style.
headings–prints the current chapter heading and the
page number in the header on each page, while the
footer remains empty.
myheadings-there are more options to modify
page-style
empty–sets both the header and the footer to be empty.
It is possible to change the page style of the current page
with the command
thispagestyle{style} %used for current page

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Title Page
The title of the whole document is generated by using the
command
maketitle
command.
documentclass[option]{class}
begin{document}
title{...}
author{...}
date{...}, (optional)
maketitle
TEXT
end{document}

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Input File
begin{document}
title{Two Day Workshop on LaTeX Software}
author{Mehar Chand
Department of Mathematics
Baba Farid College, Bathinda[0.2cm]
Navneet Garg Department of Mathematics
Baba Farid College, Bathinda}
date{}
maketitle
Today we are here to attend Two day workshop
on LaTeX a computer program for
typesetting...
end{document}

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Insert Abstract
To add abstract to your paper, we will use the following
commands:
begin{abstract}
Write here your abstract.....
end{abstract}
It should be noted that this command will be always just
after maketitle command i.e.
maketitle

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Insert Sectioning
The following sectioning commands are available for the
article class:
section{Introduction}
subsection{Layout of the document}
subsubsection{Paper size}
paragraph{...}
subparagraph{...}
For books and Thesis
chapter{Chapter title}

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Give Inputs
begin{document}
title{Tutorial on LaTeX Software}
author{Mehar ChandDepartment of Maths
Baba Farid College, Bathinda}
maketitle
begin{abstract}
Today we are here to attend .....
end{abstract}
section{Introduction}
subsection{Layout of the document}
subsubsection{Paper size}
end{document}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Enumerate
We use the following command for enumerate any where in
the document:
begin{enumerate}
item
item
end{enumerate}
Example
begin{enumerate}
item I love my country
item I love my parents
end{enumerate}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Itemize
the document:
begin{itemize}
item
item
end{itemize}
Example
begin{itemize}
item I love my country
item I love my parents
end{itemize}

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Mehar Environments
Option Itemize
the document:
begin{itemize}
item[option]
item[option]
end{itemize}
Example for different ways to introduce itemize:
begin{itemize}
item[i] I love my country
item[(a)] I love my parents
item[A] I love my School
end{itemize}

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Mehar Environments
Nested Itemize
begin{enumerate}
item Medical
begin{itemize}
item Biology
item Physics
item Chemistry
end{itemize}
item Non-Medical
begin{itemize}
item Mathematics
item Physics
item Chemistry
end{itemize}
end{enumerate}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Flush-Left
begin{flushleft}
He is my friendMake new friends with me
end{flushleft}
Insert Flush-Right
begin{flushright}
He is my friendMake new friends with me
end{flushright}
Insert Center-Text
begin{center}
He is my friend Make new friends with me
end{center}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Theorem
First introduce the following command for theorem
newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
Then insert the Theorem statement in the following way
begin{theorem}
State and prove the Pythagorean Theorem.
end{theorem}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Note
newtheorem{note}{Note}
begin{note}
Give the proof here....
end{note}

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Mehar Environments
Insert Lemma
newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
begin{lemma}
Sum of the square of two natural number
is equal to square of third natural
number. Give example?
end{lemma}

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Mehar Environments
Similarly we can deﬁne many statements in preamble and
can be used in the environment of the document i.e.
Acknowledgement, Algorithm, Axiom, Case, Claim, Conclu-
sion, Condition, Conjecture, Corollary, Criterion, Deﬁnition,
Example, Exercise, Lemma, Notation, Problem, Proposition,
Remark, Solution, Summary.

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Mehar Use of packages
Definition (Package)
While writing your document, you will probably find that
there are some areas where basic LATEX cannot solve your
problem. If you want to include mathematical stuff, graphics,
coloured text or source code from a file into your document,
you need to enhance the capabilities of LATEX. Such
enhancements are called packages.
Packages are activated with the command
usepackage[options]{package}
where package is the name of the package and options is a
list of keywords that trigger special features in the package.

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Common packages you may want to include are listed below, with
short descriptions.
amsmath provides additional mathematical typesetting
amssymb provides mathematical symbols
amsthm provides theorem formatting for AMS publications
fancyhdr provides customisable headers and footers
graphics provides graphics support
graphicx provides extended graphics support (use instead
of graphics)
hyperref provides navigation support for PDF documents
url provides clickable URL support
times change the font to Times Roman
natbib allows author year type of citations similar to ‘Disney
et al. (2003)’, etc.

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For mathematical typesetting, we use these in preamble
these as:
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amsthm}
usepackage{amssymb}
or
usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb,amstext,
amsfonts,amscd,mathrsfs}

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Page Margin
usepackage[option]{geometry}
usepackage[top=1in, bottom=1in,
left=1in, right=1in]{geometry}

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Mehar Mathematical Typesetting
Mathematical Presentation
Let $x=2$ and $y=3$ then $x+y=5$
but $xtimes yneq 5$, we need to
understand this one.
The above code produce:
Let x = 2 and y = 3 then x + y = 5 but x × y = 5, we need
to understand this one.

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Let $axˆ2+bx+c=0$ be a quadratic equation,
then it has two roots say $alpha$ and
$beta$ where
$$alpha=frac{-b+sqrt{bˆ2-4ac}}{2a}$$
and $$beta=frac{-b-sqrt{bˆ2-4ac}}{2a}$$
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation, then it has
two roots say α and β where
α =
−b +
√
b2 − 4ac
2a
and
β =
−b −
√
b2 − 4ac
2a

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Code for Subscript and superscript
$H_aˆb$, $H_{mc}ˆ{kc}$,
${}_a{}ˆbH$
${}_{MC}Fˆ{Mehar}_{Chand}$
Hb
a , Hkc
mc, a
bH MCFMehar
Chand

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Code for square root and n-root
$sqrt{123}$
$frac{sqrt{a+b}}{sqrt{aˆ2-bˆ2}}$
$$sqrt{frac{Num}{den}}$$
$$sqrt[4]{MC}$$
√
123,
√
a + b
√
a2 − b2
Num
den
4
√
MC

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Code for Trigonometric functions
$sintheta$, $costheta$,
$tantheta$, $csctheta$,
$cottheta$, $sectheta$
sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, csc θ, cot θ, sec θ

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Code for Integration
$$
I=int_aˆb(xˆ3+3xˆ2+5)dx
$$
$$
J=int_0ˆinftyfrac{xˆ2+5}{xˆ4-3xˆ2+2}dx
$$
I =
b
a
(x3
+ 3x2
+ 5)dx
J =
∞
0
x2 + 5
x4 − 3x2 + 2
dx

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Code for Differentiation
$$
D=frac{d}{dx}(xˆ2+2x+9)
$$
$$
D=frac{partial}{partial x}(xˆ2+2x+9)
$$
D =
d
dx
(x2
+ 2x + 9)
D =
∂
∂x
(x2
+ 2x + 9)

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Mathematical Array
$$ mathbf{X} = left(
begin{array}{ccc}
x_1 & x_2 & ldots
x_3 & x_4 & ldots
vdots & vdots & ddots
end{array}
right) $$
The code produce as:
X =



x1 x2 . . .
x3 x4 . . .
...
...
...




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Mathematical Formulae
begin{eqnarray}
f(z):=sum_{n=0}ˆ{infty}
a_{n}zˆ{n}, hskip 5mm (|z|<R_{f})
end{eqnarray}
f (z) :=
∞
∑
n=0
anzn
, (|z| < Rf ) (6.1)

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begin{eqnarray}
f(z):=sum_{n=0}ˆ{infty}
a_{n}zˆ{n}, hskip 5mm (|z|<R_{f})
g(z):=sum_{n=0}ˆ{infty}
b_{n}zˆ{n}, hskip 5mm (|z|<R_{g})
end{eqnarray}
f (z) :=
∞
∑
n=0
anzn
, (|z| < Rf ) (6.2)
g(z) :=
∞
∑
n=0
bnzn
, (|z| < Rg) (6.3)

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begin{eqnarray}
aligned
& 2x+3y+4z=7
& 3x+7y+3z=8
& 5x+3y+z=10
endaligned
end{eqnarray}
2x + 3y + 4z = 7
3x + 7y + 3z = 8
5x + 3y + z = 10
(6.4)

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begin{eqnarray}
aligned
& a_0xˆ5+a_1xˆ4+a_2xˆ3+a_3xˆ2+a_4x+a_5=0
& a_2xˆ3+a_3xˆ2+a_4x+a_5=0
endaligned
end{eqnarray}
a0x5
+ a1x4
+ a2x3
+ a3x2
+ a4x + a5 = 0
a2x3
+ a3x2
+ a4x + a5 = 0
(6.5)

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Mehar Different Font Size
Font Size
tiny % tiny font,
scriptsize % very small font
footnotesize % quite small font
small % small font
normalsize % normal font
large % large font
Large % larger font
LARGE % very large font
huge % huge
Huge % largest
For particular use these as {huge Mehar}
For whole document use directly

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Mehar Use of URL and Hyper-link
Insert URL
Here we use the following two packages two make Cross-
references, references and additional link for hyperlink and
url
usepackage{url}
usepackage{hyperref}
After using the above packages Cross-references and Ref-
erences will be hyper-linked.

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Mehar Use of URL and Hyper-link
Insert URL
Command for url link
url{https://scholar.google.ca/citations?
user=O_gSE6oAAAAJ&hl=en}
output of the above command:
https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=O_
gSE6oAAAAJ&hl=en

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Mehar Spacing between words
Insert Spacing
1. quad produces a small space
2. qquad produces a medium space
3. hspace{20mm} produces a space of
size 20mm.
4. hfil It carry the letter upto the
tale of that line.
5. dotfill will produce dots.
6. hrulefill will produce a rule.

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For Example
Check the following code in your text and see the output
Mehar quad Jallandhra
Mehar qquad Jallandhra
Mehar hspace{20mm} Jallandhra
Mehar hfill Jallandhra
Mehar dotfill Jallandhra
Mehar hrulefill Jallandhra

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Space Outcome
The following is the output of the spacing used commands:
Mehar Jallandhra
Mehar Jallandhra
Mehar Jallandhra
Mehar Jallandhra
Mehar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jallandhra
Mehar Jallandhra

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Customize Space
The following commands are used for custom space vertical
or horizontal in the document:
hskip 30mm % This command is used for
horizontal space
vskip 40mm % This is used to increase
the vertical space between
two paragraph or two lines

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar Insert Tables in the document
Tabular Environment
The tabular environment can be used to typeset beautiful
tables with optional horizontal and vertical lines. The com-
mand is
begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
rows
end{tabular}
pos is the vertical positioning argument and take
values c, t and b.
cols is the column formatting argument.
rows contain the actual entries in the table and
separated from each other by the & symbol.

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Input Example
Use the following input code and check the output in docu-
ment:
begin{tabular}{rlc}
Sr. No. & Name & Marks
1. & Rajeev & 80
2. & Sanjeev & 85
end{tabular}
output of the above command:
Sr. No. Name Marks
1. Rajeev 80
2. Sanjeev 85

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Input Example
ment:
begin{tabular}[c]{|r|l|c|}
hline
Sr. No. & Name & Marks
hline
1. & Rajeev & 80
hline
2. & Sanjeev & 85
hline
end{tabular}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Input Example
Output in document:
Sr. No. Name Marks
1. Rajeev 80
2. Sanjeev 85

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Use of Command p{width}
ment:
begin{tabular}{|l|p{2.5cm}|p{2.5cm}|c|}
hline
Sr. No. & Name & Father’s Name & Marks
hline
1. & Rajeev Kumar Chaudhary & Ram Prakash
Chaudhary & 80
hline
2. & Sanjeev Kumar Aggarwal & Madan Lal
Aggarwal & 85
hline
end{tabular}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Input Example
Sr. No. Name Father’s Name Marks
1. Rajeev Kumar
Chaudhary
Ram Prakash
Chaudhary
80
2. Sanjeev Ku-
mar Aggarwal
Madan Lal
Aggarwal
85

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar More Customized Table
begin{table}[h] % Try [b], [t] also
centering
caption{General Table} label{table1a}
%setlength{tabcolsep}{10pt}
%renewcommand{arraystretch}{1.5}
begin{tabular}{l|ccc}
hline
& Column1 & Column2 & Column 3
hline
Row 1& $a_{11}$ & $a_{12}$ & $a_{13}$
Row 2& $a_{21}$ & $a_{22}$ & $a_{23}$
Row 3& $a_{31}$ & $a_{32}$ & $a_{33}$
hline
end{tabular}
end{table}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar More Customized Table
Output Table Command
Table: General Table
Column1 Column2 Column 3
Row 1 a11 a12 a13
Row 2 a21 a22 a23
Row 3 a31 a32 a33

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar Inserting Images in the Document
Insert Images
We can insert the images with extension JPG, JPEG, PNG,
.eps, .pdf. The following packages are required to add in
preamble of the document
usepackage{graphic,graphicx}
Input command
begin{figure}[htb]
includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm]{mc-1}
caption{Caption of a figure} label{fig-1}
end{figure}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Command Outcome
Figure: Caption of a ﬁgure

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Insert Sub-Figures
To insert sub-ﬁgure the following package is required:
usepackage{subfigure}
Input Command:
begin{figure}[htb]
subfigure[]
{includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm]{fig-1}}
subfigure[]
{includegraphics[width=5cm,height=5cm]{fig-2}}
caption{Caption of a figure} label{fig}
end{figure}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Command Outcome
(a) MC (b) MC-1
Figure: Caption of a ﬁgure

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar Inserting Multi-Column
Multi Column
Use the package:
usepackage{multicol}
use input command:
begin{multicols}{2}
Text should be here
end{multicols}

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Input Example
We use the following text for two column:
The objective of the present
paper is to establish cer-
tain (presumably) new and
useful integral results involv-
ing the generalized Multi-
index Mittag-Lefﬂer function
and the Srivastava polyno-
mial. Next, we obtain certain
new integrals and expansion
formulas by the application of
our theorems. Some inter-
esting special cases of our
main results are also consid-
ered.

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar Special Characters
The following symbols are reserved characters which have
a special meaning in LATEX :
# $ % ˆ & _ { } ˜
All of these apart from the backslash can be inserted as
characters in your document by adding a preﬁx backslash:
# $ % ˆ{} & _ { } ˜{}
The above code will produce:
# $ % ˆ & { }
˜

Tutorial on
LATEX-
Software
Mehar Chand
Introduction
SW Inst
Layout of
document
Environments
Packages
Math-typing
Font-size
url-hyper
Spacing
Tables
Insert Image
Multicolumn
Special-Cha
Mehar End of the Session
Thank You

Tutorial on LATEX: A Computer Program for Typesetting Documents

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Tutorial on LATEX: A Computer Program for Typesetting Documents