Emerging Branches of science

1. EDU 05:
EMERGING BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
BIOINFORMATICS AND GEOINFORMATICS.
• Submitted To,
Dr.Asha K Thomas
Assistant professor
Natural science.
• Submitted by,
Megha. S. V
Roll No:07
Natural Science.

2. A.BIOINFORMATICS.
• Defnitions
• “The Field of science in which biology, computer science, and
information technology merge to form a single discipline.”
• The use of information technology to acquire, store, manage,
share, analyse, represent and transmit data.
• Origin
• The origin of the concept and the development of
bioinformatics as a tool in biological science can be traced back
to the pioneering contributions of Margret Oakley Dayhoff to
whom the parenthood of the science of bioinformatics is
attributed.

3. Component of bioinformatics.
1)Creation of database:This involves the organizing, storage and
management the biological data sets. The databases are
accessible to researchers to know the existing information and
submit new entries Eg:Protein sequence databank for molecular
stucture.
2)Development of algorithm and statistics: Involves the
development of tools and resources to determine the relationship
among the members of large data sets. Eg:comparison of protein
sequence data with already existing protein sequence.
3)Analyse of data and interpretation :This include DNA, RNA, and
Protein sequence, gene expression profiles and biochemical
pathways.

4. Subfields and Relates disciplines
Genetics: Study of heredity and the gene diversity of inherited
characteristics/features.
Genomics: is the branch of molecular biology that work in the area
of structure, function, evolution and mapping of genome.
Proteomics: The study of proteomes and their features.
Transcriptomics:Study of the complete RNA and DNA transcriptase.
Phylogenetics:The study of the relationship between group of
animals and humans.
Molecular modelling: The designing and defining of molecular
structures by way of computational chemistry.

5. Scope
• Management and analysis of wide set of data.
• It is specially used in genome sequencing where large set of data
are being handled.
• Play a major role in the biomedical field.
• It integrates the advances in the areas of computer science,
Information science and Information Technology to solve
complex problems in life science.
• Research work based on genetic disease and microbial disease
entirety depend on bioinformatics, where the derived information
can be vital to produce personalised medicine.

6. Software and Tools of Bioinformatics.
• BLAST(Basic Local Alignment Search Tool):It is an algorithm for
comparing biological sequences information, such amino acid
sequences of different proteins or the nucleotides of DNA.
• FASTA(FAST All):It is a DNA and protein sequence alignment
software package.
• Ras Mol:It is a computer programme written for molecular
graphics visualization which is used mainly to depict and explore
biological macromolecule structures those found in protein data
bank.
• CLUSTEL OMEGA:A multiple sequence alignment tool used to find
conserved sequence and understand phylogenetic relation.

7. Application
• Identifies genetic mutation and abnormalities by comparing
normal and abnorml genotypes.
• Design new druggs on the basis of the structure of active site to
which the drug need to bind by computer aided drug designing
(CADD)
• Predict and identity best rout of administration of drugs,
understand their metabolism and distribution within the body,
their retention and excretion and ptediction of toxicological
effects(ADMETOX Analaysis).
• Personalised medicine

8. *Gene expression profiling of cancerous tissue using DNA
microarrays is a powerful tool in cancer research and theraputics.
• Build evolutionary tree:based on DNA and Aminoacid sequence
to get an idea of inter relationship between species, or genus
acorss same or different phyla
• DNA barcoding:Is an approach that identity a species by a
genetic sequence called DNA Barcode. Using the DNA
barcodesit is possible to identify any organism.
• Design microarray chips for genome, transctiptome and
proteome analysis.

9. B.GEOINFORMATICS
• The art, science and technology dealing with the acquisition, storage,
processing, production, presentation and dissemination of
geoinformation are called geoinformatics .
• According to Burrough( 1987) it is a powerful set of tools for
collecting, storing, retrieving, at will, transforming, and displaying of
spatial data from the real world.
• For a geographer this is a powerful tool to generate and geocoded
data and attribute database to help taking decisions appropriately for
planning.

10. Branches of geoinformatics
1.Remote sensing
• A)Passive remote sencing:
• B)Active remote sensing:
Remote sensing plat forms
• a)Ground borne plat forms Eg:vehicle, tower
• b)Air based platforms Eg:aeroplanes,
helicopters
• C)space born platforms :satellites, rockets

11. Satellites are of two types,
Geostationary satellites :these are fixed above a given point on the
earth surface because their circular orbit above the equator have
rotation period equals to the earth rotation period.
These platforms are covering the same area and gives continuous
coverage of the same place day and night. These are mainly used for
communication and meteorological applications.Eg:IRS series, Landsat
series
Polar orbiting satellites: Orbits are in the plane of the earth’s polar axis.
In equatorial satellites whose orbits are within the plane of equator.
In sun synchronous satellite An earth satellite orbit in which the orbital
plane is near polar and the altitude is such that the satellite passes over
all places on earth. Having the same latitude twice in each orbit at same
local time. Eg:INSAT satellite, METOSAT etc.

12. 2)Geographic Information System(GIS)
• Is a computer based information system used to digitally
represent and analyse geospatial data.
• Storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, and display are the
tools provided by GIS software for processing geographic
data.
• A working GIS integrates the 5 key components.
1)Hardware 2)Software
3)Data 4)people 5)methods

13. 3)Global Positioning System (GPS):
GPS is also called NAVSTAR GPS(Navigational System with
time and Ranging) was created by the department of
Defence reasons.
• It is a system of earth orbiting satellite transmitting
precisely timed signals.
• Provide direct measurement of position on earth surface
and the location is expressed on latitude/longitude.
• The GPS receiver measures the travel time of signals
transmitted from triangulated satellite. It calculates the
satellites latitude, longitude, altitude, and speed.

14. Cartography, photogrammetry, DBMS
• Cartography is the Art, Science, or technology that deals with making
maps.
• Photogrammetry is the art and science of making accurate
measurements and obtaining reliable information by means of aerial
photography.
• DBMS is a software designed to assist in maintaining and utilizing
large collection of data. Eg:Orackle, SQL
• These reduce redundary, maintains consistency and integrity, data
sharing with controlled access for security, standards gor presentation
of storage etc.

15. Major applications
• Agricultural development
• Land and evaluation analysis
• Change detection of vegetated area
• Monitoring vegetation health.
• Analysis deforestation and associated environmental hazards
• Mapping percentage vegetation cover of the management of land.

16. THANKYOU.