This write up is about a brief elucidation of trader from the lens of gender. a very interesting factors are found through research justified with statistical significance.

1. “Trade liberalization can be contagious, and
the opening of markets regionally can spark
progress multilaterally as well.”
- Roberto Azevedo

3. “Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It
is a precondition for meeting the challenge of
reducing poverty, promoting sustainable
development and building good governance.”
– Kofi Anan

4. GENDER INEQUALITY AND
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
Does Trade Liberalization
Accelerates Gender Discrimination?

5. "...experience in open, low-income countries
until now has clearly been that industrialization
has been female-dependent as well as export-
led, and many women in outward-oriented
developing countries owe their livelihoods to
international trade expansion."
- Joekes (1999 p.36).

6. Does Trade Liberalization
Really Decreased Gender
Gap In The Globe?

7. Scenario in Developing Countries

8. • Labor Intensive Industries in Developing Countries –
Increased Women Employment (Kucera and Milberg, 2000).
• the wages earned by the women in these
industries of developing countries generally
exceed the alternative sources of income
women – (Joekes, 1999).

9.  In Developing Countries, trade liberalization of the
telecommunication sector resulted in –
making confectionaries from home and selling over the
Internet in Peru.
Women’s control over 35% small and medium sized
enterprises in Asia by taking advantage of the new
opportunities provided by the Internet.
UNCTAD (2002)

10. What about the Developed ones?

11. • data from 1978-95 which finds the
correlation coefficient of trade
liberalization and 22 OECD countries
negative!!!
(Kucera and Milberg, 2000).

12. • liberalized trade brought and bringing
bad impacts on women of developed
countries to some extent as they are
not labor intensive. - Wood (1991)

13. Why such disparity?

14. • Labor Intensive export competing industries tend to
employ women and pays less wage than capital
intensive ones.
• Import competing industries tend to employ men.
• Besides, capital intensive industries tend to employ
men than women as they pay high and think that
men are more effective than women. (WTO report
2003)

15. • Thus, WTO report 2003 has concluded the relationship
between trade liberalization and gender inequality by a
predicted theory :
• a country rich in unskilled labor tend to export labor-
intensive goods, which in turn tends to pay low wages
compared to capital-intensive and skills intensive
sectors. Labor-intensive sectors also tend to employ
women.

16. Probably that’s why gender inequality is found largely in
rich countries like OECDs whereas DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES are found with less.

18. • References:
1. Black, S.E. and E. Brainerd (2002), 'Importing equality? The impact of
globalization on gender discrimination', NBER Working Paper # 9110,
August.
2. Cunningham, W.V. (2001) 'Sectoral allocation by gender of Latin American
workers over the liberalization period of the 1990s', World Bank mimeo,
December.
3. Fontana, M. and A Wood, (2000), 'Modelling the effects of trade on women,
at work and at home', World Development, 28: 1173-1190.
4. Gender inequality - Oxford Reference. (2017). Oxfordreference.com.
Retrieved 5 November 2017, from
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198568506.001.00
01/acref-9780198568506-e-2834

19. • References:
• Hanson, G.H. (2003), 'What has happened to wages in Mexico since NAFTA?
Implications for hemispheric free trade', NBER working paper # 9563, March.
• Haouas, I., M. Yagoubi and A. Heshmati (2003), 'The impacts on employment
and wages on employment and wages in Tunisian industries,' IZA discussion
paper #688.
• Ianchovichina, E., A. Nicita and I. Soloaga (2002), 'Trade Reform and Poverty:
The Case of Mexico', World Economy, 25: 945-972.
• ILO (2002), 'LABORSTA', http://laborsta.ilo.org/.

20. • References:
• Joekes, S. (1999), 'A gender-analytical perspective on trade and sustainable
development', in INCTAD: 'Trade, Sustainable Development and Gender' (Papers
prepared in support of the themes discussed at the Pre-UNCTAD X expert
workshop on trade, sustainable development and gender in Geneva 12-13 July
1999).
• Khisa, M. (2017). INTERNATIONAL TRADE, GENDER AND INEQUALITY.
Lecture, Bangladesh University of Professionals.
• Kucera, D. and W. Milnberg (2000), 'Gender segregation and gender bias in
manufacturing trade expansion: Revisiting the "Wood Asymmetry', World
Development, 28: 1191-1210.

21. • References:
• Nordås, H. (2003). Is Trade Liberalization a Window of Opportunity for Women?.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 3-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.925793
• Ozler, S. (2000), 'Export orientation and female share of employment: Evidence
from Turkey,' World Development, 28: 1239-1248.
• Pettinger, T. (2017). Trade Liberalisation. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 2
November 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/trade-
liberalisation/
• Rogers, Y. van der Meulen (1996), 'A reversal of fortune for Korean women:
Explaining the 1983 upward turn in relative earnings', Wold Bank mimeo,
November.

22. • References:
• SAGE Reference - Gender Inequality and Discrimination. (2017).
Sk.sagepub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2017, from
http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/ethics/n365.xml
• Staff, I. (2017). Trade Liberalization. Investopedia. Retrieved 1 November 2017,
from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-liberalization.asp
• UNCTAD (2002a), E-commerce and development report 2002, Geneva: United
Nations.
• Wood, A. (1991), 'North-South trade and female labour in manufacturing: an
asymmetry', The Journal of Development Studies, 27: 168-189.