This document provides information about the Environmental Engineering II course offered by Tajkia Syeed Tofa of the CE Department at MIST. The course covers topics related to water, sanitation, hygiene and health. Assessment includes quizzes, a midterm exam worth 40% and a final exam worth 60%. The course syllabus outlines various topics to be covered including wastewater treatment methods, fecal sludge and solid waste management, and environmental pollution control. References for the course are also provided.

1. CE 333

2. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 2
Environmental Engineering II
Topics: Introduction
Credit: 4.0

3. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 3
Assessment
Attendance
Quiz (2)
Mid term (1)
40%
Final exam 60%

4. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 4
Course Syllabus
Water, sanitation, hygiene, and health
Types of wastes and sanitation
Sanitation for low income communities
Low cost SBS system for rural areas
Design and construction of septic tank, soak pit, sub-surface drain fields
Introduction to Food Sanitation, Ecological Sanitation
Microbiology of wastewater, Treatment
- Preliminary, primary treatment
Waste stabilization pond
Effluent disposal method
Sludge type, characteristics, collection of sludge
Introduction to fecal Sludge management
Introduction to solid waste management
Environmental pollution, management and EIA

5. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 5
References
1. Environmental Engineering - Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe.
2. CE 333 Handouts and Class Lectures.
3. Water Supply, waste disposal and Sanitary Engineering - AK Chatterjee.
4. Water Supply and Sanitation - M Feroze Ahmed and MM Rahman.
5. Environmental Sanitation, Wastewater Treatment and Disposal – Tanveer Ferdous Saeed,
Abdullah Al-Muyeed, Tanvir Ahmed.
6. Wastewater Engineering- Metcalf and Eddy.
7. Water Supply and Sewerage- Terence J. McGhee.

6. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 6
WASH
stands for-
WASH (or Watsan, WaSH) is an acronym that
stands for "water, sanitation and hygiene".
Universal, affordable and sustainable
access to WASH is a key public health issue
within international development and is the focus of the first two targets of Sustainable
Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).

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Interrelationship between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education

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Figure depicts the interrelationship
between water, sanitation and hygiene
education.
Improvement
of Health
Hygiene
Education
Water
Supply
Sanitation
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST

9. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 9
SOME KEY FACTS (UNICEF) OF WASH WORLDWIDE
Worldwide, 2.2
billion people still
lack access to safe
drinking water.
More than half of the
global population
does not have access
to safe sanitation.
3 billion people do
not have access to
handwashing
facilities with soap.
Still, 673 million
people practice open
defecation.
At least 10% of world
population consume
food irrigated by
wastewater

10. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 10
UN- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals
 Adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that
by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
 There are 17 SDGs goals and all are integrated
SDG 6
Link:
https://sdgs.un.org/goals

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SDG- 6
To ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all.

The SDGs offer
unprecedented opportunities
to improve health by
dramatically increasing
the availability and use of
WASH services.

12. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 12
Figure: WASH-related SDG targets
WASH-related SDG targets
6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all.
6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations.

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SDG- 6: Targets
6.a: By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to
developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes,
including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment,
recycling and reuse technologies
6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water
and sanitation management

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WASH AND HEALTH
 Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene are crucial to human health and wellbeing and
helps to create resilient communities living in healthy environments.
 Drinking unsafe water impairs health through water related illnesses.
 Emerging contaminants to drinking-water such as micropollutants, pharmaceuticals and
microplastics pose as significant risks to health as pathogens like Legionella.
 Safe and sufficient WASH prevents numerous neglected tropical diseases such as trachoma,
soil-transmitted helminths etc.

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WATER AND HEALTH
Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards safely managed drinking water (indicators for SDG 6.1
and 6.2) such as regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically
improve health by reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.

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An hypothetical example of a population
that is drinking unimproved water with 100
diarrheal deaths partly due to the risks
associated with unimproved water.
Diarrheal deaths would be reduced
to 25 withwellmanaged piped water
(WHO 2018).
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST

17. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 17
SANITATION AND HEALTH
Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards sanitation (indicators for SDG 6.1 and 6.2) such as
regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically improve health by
reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.
Figure 2 below illustrates a
similar hypothetical example for
sanitation (WHO 2018).

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Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
DEFINITION OF SANITATION
Sanitation may be defined as the science and practice of effecting healthful and
hygienic conditions and involves the study and use of hygienic measures such as:
• Safe, reliable water supply
• Proper drainage of wastewater
• Proper disposal of all human wastes
• Prompt removal of all refuse
The word sanitation actually refers to all conditions that affect health, and according
to the World Health Organization (WHO) may include such things as food sanitation,
rainwater drainage, solid waste disposal and atmospheric pollution.

19. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 19
SANITATION AND HEALTH
Providing appropriate sanitation mainly has several important purposes:
a) Privacy
b) Convenience
c) Health
d) To keep environment clean

20. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 20
e) Matter of prestige
OBJECTIVES OF SANITATION
The principal objectives of providing sanitation facilities are:
 To have improved public health
 To minimize environmental pollution

21. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 21
SANITATION SCENERIO: BANGLADESH
Considering a very high population density, continuous population growth and the still omnipresent
poverty, the provision of adequate water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in sufficient quantities
presents one of the largest challenges Bangladesh is currently facing

22. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 22
Figure: Access to safe water supply and sanitation

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SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: URBAN
In urban areas a range of on-site options such as septic tanks, single and double pit
pour-flush latrines are used.
Conventional sewerage systems are used only in parts of Dhaka and cover only 18%
of the city's 8.5 million people.
The sanitary condition of urban slums is deplorable. They often defecate on the
drains, in open fields, near the roads, or on the riverbanks. The problem is acute with
female residents who have to wait till sunset for defecation or use a neighbor’s latrine
if available.
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Of about 30 million urban dwellers, sanitation coverage is only about 42%.

24. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 24
DHAKA CITY PUBLIC SANITATION

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DHAKA CITY SANITATION: URBAN POOR

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SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: RURAL
Of which, 22% uses the so-called home-made pit latrines that are constructed by
placing a squatting slab made of bamboo over a manually dug pit.
RURAL SANITATION IN BANGLADESH
Rural sanitation suffers much from the poor understanding of the health benefits of
sanitary latrines.
In most cases, latrines are used for reasons of convenience and privacy rather
than health reasons.
About 16% of the 90 million rural population uses sanitary latrines.

27. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 27
RURAL SANITATION IN BANGLADESH

28. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 28
HYGIENE & SANITATION EDUCATION

29. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 29

30. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 30
IS IT SAFE FOR CHILDREN?

31. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 31
IS IT SAFE FOR CHILDREN?

32. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 32
SANITATION SITUATION IN BANGLADESH: CHILDREN
DEFECATION PRACTICES
Children younger than five years in households either having a latrine or no latrine defecate
in the open homestead compound. This is due either to the height of the latrine door, or
because the squatting plate is so designed that it is difficult for children to squat comfortably.
It is, however, unrealistic to expect that children should use a fixed place for defecation, while
their parents defecate indiscriminately.
Many mothers do not feel the necessity to enforce strict rules on children's defecation
practices, because they believe that children's faeces do not produce an offensive smell, and
that children's faeces are less harmful than those of adults. There is hardly any difference
between households with a latrine and those without a latrine in this respect.

33. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 33
IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR SANITATION IN BANGLADESH
Housing density
Water supply service level
Difficulties associated with pit latrines
Operation and maintenance
Soil permeability
Groundwater pollution
Pathogens
Pathogens: People who are already infected with diseases excrete harmful microorganisms,
called pathogens, which are then transmitted to other healthy person through various
environmental transmission routes.

34. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 34
Transmission of Pathogens
Excreta from infected persons can cause infection in other persons in different ways.
Fluids: Excreta may be washed away by rain and run into wells and streams, thereby
contaminating water used for drinking.
Fingers: Fingers or hands that haven’t been washed after going to the toilet can contain germs.
These unclean hands can transmit germs onto foods, which are then eaten; or to other people
when shaking hands.

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Transmission of Pathogens
Flies: Flies and other insects may feed on
the excreta and carry small amounts of
it andits germs away on their
bodies. When flies or insects touch
water or food, the germs may be passed
on, potentially infecting the person
drinking or eating.
Floors/fields: Germs can spread onto
floors and seep into fields and crops and
other sources of food if excreta are not disposed of properly.
F diagram consist of 4F

36. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 36
Transmission Media
Sanitation prevents infection, which may occur in different forms through different transmission
media such as
1. Ingestion of food or drinking water contaminated with faeces
2. Ingestion of beef infected with tapeworms
3. Contact with contaminated water
4. Contact with contaminated soil
5. Insect vectors
Transmission of Pathogens: Factors
 The number of pathogens excreted is termed the excreted load.

37. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 37
 The changes in this number during environmental transmission are governed by three
key properties of pathogens:
 Latency : How long it takes for an excreted pathogen to become infective
 Persistence: How long the excreted pathogen can survive in the environment
 Multiplication: Theability of the excreted pathogen to multiply in the
environment.
SANITATION RELATED DISEASES
Diarrhoea 
Dysentery
Cholera
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A

38. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST 38
Typhoid Fever
Polio

39. Environmental classification of various excreta-related diseases
Category Environmental Transmission Feature Examples of infection
Non-bacterial
diseases
faecal-oral Non-latent
Low to medium persistence
Unable to multiply
High infectivity
No intermediate host
Viral: Hepatitis A & E, Rotavirus diarrhea
Protozoan:
Ameoebiasis, Crystosoporidiasis, Giardiasis
Helminthic:
Enteribiasis, Hymenolepiasis
Bacterial faecal-oral Non-latent Campylobacteriosis Cholera diseases Medium to high persistence
Pathogenic E.Coli
Able to multiply Infection Salmonellosis
Medium to low infectivity Shigellosis
No intermediate host Typhoid Yersiniosis
Geohelminthiases latent very
persistence unable
to multiply Very
high infectivity
Intermediate host
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Storngyloidiasis
Trichuriasis

40. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Taeniases Latent persistence Taeniasis
Able to multiply
Very high infectivity
Intermediate host: cow or pig 35
Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Environmental classification of various excreta-related diseases
Water
Helminthiases
based Latent persistence
Able to multiply
High infectivity
Intermediate aquatic host
Schistosomiasis
Clonorchiasis
Fasciolopsiasis

41. Excreta related
vector diseases
insect- Infections 1-3
Transmitted mechanically by flies and cockroaches
Bancroftian
Filariasis transmitted by Culex
quinquefasciatus

42. Tajkia Syeed Tofa, CE. Dept., MIST
Category Environmental Transmission Feature Examples of infection
36
Excreta related
vector diseases
rodent- Infections 1-3
Transmitted mechanically by rodents
Leptospirosis